CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY In most poor nations, including Nigeria, the primary cause of death among pregnant women is maternal mortality (Eni-Olorunda and Otito, 1 ). According to Mboho and Moller (2013), an estimated one-third of all maternal fatalities worldwide occur in just two countries: India and Nigeria. According to UNFPA (3], […]
Category Archives: Nursing and Midwifery project topics
Nursing and Midwifery Project Materials for BSc, HND and OND students.
AN EXAMINATION OF THE PSYCHOSOCIAL IMPACT OF STRESS AMONG NURSES AND MIDWIVES IN GWARINPA GENERAL HOSPITAL, ABUJA
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background To The Study Recently, there has been a rising understanding that workplace stress has unpleasant consequences for both individuals’ health and safety and the health and performance of their businesses (Payne, 2001). This notion is reflected not just in public and media attention, but also in the growing concern expressed […]
UTILIZATION OF NATIONAL HEALTH INSURANCE SCHEME(NHIS) AMONG HEALTHCARE PROVIDERS WORKING AT UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA TEACHING HOSPITAL, ITUKU- OZALLA, ENUGU
Abstract The difficulties encountered in out of pocket financing of healthcare have compelled the introduction of pre paid health insurance in many countries, including Nigeria. This is borne out of a universal and equitable healthcare cover as a fundamental human right. This initiative works on pooling of resources. This study assessed the utilization of National […]
AN ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF ANTENATAL CARE SERVICES IN PRIMARY HEALTH CENTRES IN AWKA SOUTH LGA OF ANAMBRA STATE
ABSTRACT Background: Antenatal care is a basic component of any reproductive health care programme and reproductive health is one of women’s fundamental human rights. It aims to achieve optimal health outcomes for the mother and the baby through early detection of complications and prompt treatment and it is one of the recommended interventions to reduce […]
AN ASSESSMENT OF PREVENTION OF MOTHER TO CHILD TRANSMISSION (PMTCT) OF HIV/AIDS IN ENUGU HOSPITALS
Abstract Introduction: Pregnant women living with HIV are at high risk of transmitting HIV to their infants during pregnancy, birth or through breastfeeding and without any interventions, between 20% and 45% of infants may become infected with an estimated risk of 5- 10% during pregnancy, 10-20% during labour and delivery, and 5-20% through breastfeeding. Objective: […]
THE PREVALENCE AND TREATMENT OUTCOME OF PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS IN TUBERCULOSIS REFERRAL HOSPITAL EKU, DELTA STATE
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Background to the Study Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic infectious disease caused by bacteria generally referred to as mycobacterium tuberculosis; almost every organ in the body can be affected, but involvement of the lungs account for more than 80% of TB cases. Tuberculosis affecting the lungs is called Pulmonary Tuberculosis (PTB), while […]
THE LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE OF BREAST SELF- EXAMINATION AMONG NURSES IN THE EFFIA NKWANTA REGIONAL HOSPITAL IN THE SEKONDI TAKORADI METROPOLIS
ABSTRACT The purpose of the study was to compare the level of knowledge, attitude and practice of breast self-examination among nurses in Effia Nkwanta Regional Hospital of the Sekondi-Takoradi Metropolis in the Western Region of Ghana. Five research questions were formulated to guide the study. The descriptive design was used to conduct the study. The […]
THE IMPACT OF TRADITIONAL BIRTH ATTENDANT PRACTICE IN THE PRIMARY HEALTH CARE SYSTEM
ABSTRACT The study is designed to examine the impact of traditional birth attendant practices (TBAs) in primary health care and on women. Randomly-selected women (n=100) were interviewed to gain a more thorough understanding of the impact of traditional birth attendant practices (TBAs) in primary health care. Research question 1: what made women start receiving care […]
SURVEY OF DRUGS PRESCRIBED FOR THE TREATMENT OF MALARIA AND COMPLIANCE LEVEL AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN IN TERTIARY HOSPITALS IN ENUGU STATE, NIGERIA
ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to survey antimalaria drug prescriptions and compliance to treatment among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic in the two tertiary hospitals in Enugu State. The study surveyed 92 doctors from UNTH and ESUTH Parklane, Enugu. 368 pregnant women from both hospitals (156 from ESUT and 212 From UNTH) […]
SOME ANTHROPOMETRIC INDICES FOR IDENTIFYING OBESITY IN PREGNANCY
Abstract Obesity in pregnancy is currently a major health problem worldwide according the WHO. Prevalence of obesity during pregnancy has doubled in the past 20 years, and obesity is strongly associated with poor gestational and perinatal outcomes. Pregnancy is characterized as a brief observation period in which the anthropometric index undergoes rapid changes. The […]
SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS AS DETERMINANTS OF QUALITY OF LIFE OF DIABETIC PATIENTS IN NNAMDI AZIKIWE UNIVERSITY TEACHING HOSPITAL NNEWI ANAMBRA STATE
ABSTRACT The purpose of the study was to assess the socioeconomic factors as determinants of the quality of Life of diabetic patients in NAUTH. Some research questions and hypotheses were set to guide the study. A cross sectional correlation research design was adopted for the study. A sample of 226 respondents was drawn from the […]
SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC DIFFERENCES IN MULTIPLE RISK TAKING BEHAVIOUR PATTERN AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL ADOLESCENTS IN ENUGU URBAN.
ABSTRACT The study determined the socio demographic differences in multiple risk taking behaviour patterns among secondary school adolescents in Enugu urban. Six (6) objectives and five (5) hypotheses were set to guide the study. Relevant literatures were reviewed to enhance the theoretical background of the study. Descriptive survey design was adopted for the study. A […]
SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF NUTRITIONAL PRACTICE IN PREGNANCY AMONG EXPECTANT MOTHERS ATTENDING ANTENATAL CLINIC IN KWALE DELTA STATE
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the Study Pregnancy is the most vital time for having a proper nutrition plan. The high demand for nutrients is to deposit energy in to the new and developing tissues, the growth of maternal mother tissues including the breast and the uterus, and the increased energy necessities for tissue […]
PREVALENCE OF URINARY TRACT INFECTION AND DEMOGRAPHIC DIFFERENTIALS AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN IN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA TEACHING HOSPITAL, ENUGU
ABSTRACT Urinary tract infection (UTI) represents a serious health problem in pregnant women. The severity of urinary tract infection depends both on the virulence of the bacteria and the susceptibility of the host. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of urinary tract infection and demographic differentials among pregnant women in University […]
PREVALENCE OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE RISK FACTORS AMONG ADULTS IN ORLU LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA IMO STATE- NIGERIA
ABSTRACT Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of worldwide preventable morbidity and mortality. Globally certain risk factors have been found to account for up to 90% of cardiovascular disease and a large percentage are preventable through the reduction of the modifiable risk factors. However it is reported that there are millions of people with undiagnosed […]
POSTPARTUM HEALTH-RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE OF MOTHERS AT 12 WEEKS AFTER VAGINAL AND CAESARIAN DELIVERY IN SELECTED HOSPITALS IN ENUGU, NIGERIA
ABSTRACT The process of birth may mean extra pressure on a mother’s well being, and this could affect her quality of life (QoL). Mothers are often expected to adjust from pregnant to pre-pregnancy health states irrespective of the mode of delivery. Due to paucity of published Nigeria based studies on postpartum Health Related Quality of […]
PERCEPTION AND SATISFACTION OF WOMEN TOWARDS THE QUALITY OF ANTENATAL CARE SERVICES IN NNAMDI AZIKIWE UNIVERSITY TEACHING HOSPITAL NNEWI
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study Antenatal care refers to the care that is given to a pregnant women woman from the time that conception is confirmed until the beginning of labour. This is also viewed as an important point of contact between health workers and women and an opportunity for provision of […]
PERCEPTION AND ACCEPTANCE OF CAESAREAN SECTION AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN (A CASE STUDYIN IUTH OKADA, EDO STATE)
Abstract This study was carried out on perception and acceptance of caesarean section among pregnant women in Igbinedion University Teaching Hospital (IUTH), Okada, Edo state. Maternal mortality is unacceptably high in low resource countries. This is disturbing, considering that some of these deaths are preventable through caesarean section. To determine the perception and factors associated […]
PATIENT PERCEPTION AND SATISFACTION WITH HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONALS AT PRIMARY CARE FACILITIES
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of Study Primary Health Care forms the bedrock of the health-care services of a country. It is the quality of health care available to the majority of the population that determines the health status of the country and is the best indicator for the level of social development of the […]
Nurses’ Perception of Pain Assessment of Hospitalized Patients
ABSTRACT The study investigated nurses’ perception of patients’ pain assessment in routine care. It was a crosssectional descriptive research design. Four hundred and fifty (450) nurses working in the two tertiary institutions in Ebonyi State were used. Two instruments were used for data collection. The researcher developed questionnaire and in depth interview guide to validate […]
NURSES ATTITUDE TOWARDS THE MANAGEMENT OF PAIN IN POST-OPERATIVE PATIENTS IN IMO STATE UNIVERSITY TEACHING HOSPITAL ORLU.
ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to investigate nurses’ attitude towards the management of pain in post -operative patients in Imo State University Teaching Hospital Orlu. It was a cross-sectional descriptive study involving one hundred and ten (110) nurses working in the surgical wards of the hospital. The instrument for data collection was a […]
NON ADHERENCE TO MANAGEMENT REGIMEN AMONG ADULTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS ATTENDING OUTPATIENT CLINIC OF UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA TEACHING HOSPITAL ENUGU.
ABSTRACT Chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus require daily self management and long term therapies. Regimen adherence poses a unique challenge for patients with chronic illnesses including diabetics resulting to repeated hospital admissions, amputations and even death. There is paucity of information on regimen adherence behaviour among diabetic patients attending diabetic clinic at University of […]
KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE OF STANDARD PRECAUTIONS AMONG HEALTH CARE WORKERS IN FEDERAL TEACHING HOSPITAL IDO-EKITI
ABSTRACT Standard precautions are a set of guidelines that aim to protect health care workers from infections from blood, body fluids secretions, excretions except sweat, non-intact skin, and mucous membranes while providing care to patients. However, compliance to the standard precautions is often low in low-income countries in spite of the greater risk of infection. […]
MEASURES UTILIZED FOR PREVENTION OF NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION IN THE LABOUR WARD OF UNIVERSITY OF CALABAR TEACHING HOSPITAL (UCTH), CALABAR
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Background to the Study Nosocomial infection also known as Hospital Acquired Infections (HAI) is a localized or systemic infection acquired in a hospital or any other health care facility by a patient admitted for a reason other than the pathology present during admission. It may also include an infection acquired in a […]
MATERNAL HEALTH CARE SEEKING BEHAVIOUR AND PREGNANCY OUTCOME IN UDI AND ABIA COMMUNITIES ENUGU STATE
ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to examine the maternal health care seeking behaviour and pregnancy outcome of pregnant women in two rural communities in Enugu State. The objectives of study were to: (i) determine the gestational age at which pregnant women book for Antenatal Care(ANC) in Udi and Abiacommunities, (ii)determine how often pregnant […]
KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE OF PATIENT TEACHING AMONG NURSES WORKING IN TERTIARY HEALTH INSTITUTIONS IN ENUGU
ABSTRACT This study was carried out to determine the knowledge, attitude and practice of patient teaching among nurses working in selected tertiary health institutions in Enugu. The objectives of the study were to determine the nurses’ knowledge of patient teaching, attitude towards patient teaching and practice of patient teaching. A cross-sectional descriptive survey design was […]
KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PERCEPTION OF LASSA FEVER AMONG PEOPLE ATTENDING PHC
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of Study Lassa fever is one of the diseases for which weekly epidemiological reporting to the health authorities is being done in Nigeria. A rapidly changing epidemiological pattern had been reported over the years (Ogbu, Ajuluchukwu and Uneke, 2007). It causes mortality and morbidity where outbreaks occur worldwide including Nigeria […]
KNOWLEDGE OF BREAST CANCER, PRACTICE OF BREAST SELF-EXAMINATION AND BREAST SELF-EXAMINATION ENHANCEMENT STRATEGIES AMONG FEMALE UNDERGADUATES IN HIGHER INSTITUTIONS IN IMO STATE
Abstract This study was undertaken to determine the knowledge of breast cancer, practice of breast self-examination (BSE) and formulate BSE enhancement strategies among female undergraduates in higher institutions in Imo State. To guide the study, eleven specific objectives with corresponding research questions were formulated, while eight null hypotheses were postulated. The study utilized descriptive survey […]
KNOWLEDGE OF BREAST CANCER, ATTITUDE TOWARDS BREAST CANCER SCREENING AND PRACTICE OF BREAST SELF-EXAMINATION AMONG FEMALE STUDENTS OF IIUM KUANTAN
Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Background of the study Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer among women and the top cancer in women both in the developed and the developing world (WHO, 2017). Breast cancer affects women all around the world, but the majority (69%) of all breast cancer deaths occur in developing countries. The […]
KNOWLEDGE AND UTILIZATION OF POST ABORTION CARE SERVICES AMONG WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE IN OBANLIKU LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF CROSS RIVER STATE
ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to determine the knowledge and utilization of post abortion care among women of reproductive age (15 – 49 years) in Obanliku Local Government Area of Cross River State, Nigeria. The research utilized a descriptive survey design and a sample size of 350 women of reproductive age (15 – […]
KNOWLEDGE AND USE OF GLASGOW COMA SCALE FOR NEUROLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF PATIENTS AMONG NURSES IN THE UNIVERSITY OF BENIN TEACHING HOSPITAL, BENIN CITY, EDO STATE.
ABSTRACT Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) is a neurological assessment tool that gives a reliable, objective way of recording the level of conscious state of a person. Assessment of consciousness level is considered a primary action of health care practitioners, including nurses, who care for the patients with neurological or neurosurgical problems. Growing evidence suggests that […]
KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICE OF SCREENING FOR BREAST AND CERVICAL CANCER AMONG WOMEN IN UYO, AKWA IBOM STATE
ABSTRACT The purpose of the study was to investigate the knowledge and practice of screening tests for breast and cervical cancers among women in Uyo. Four specific objectives and corresponding research questions and hypotheses were used in the study. A descriptive cross-sectional design was adopted for the study. A multistage sampling technique was used to […]
KNOWLEDGE AND PERCEPTION OF HYPERTENSION AND ITS MANAGEMENT AMONG CLIENTS/PATIENTS
ABSTRACT Hypertension is an important public health challenge at Auchi Nigeria. The purpose of this qualitative phenomenological survey was to determine hypertensive patients’ knowledge, perceptions, attitudes and life-style practices so as to optimize their health and treatment needs. We examined a cohort of 108 randomly selected hypertensive by means of a self-structured questionnaire and a […]
KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE OF PREGNANT WOMEN TOWARDS PRENATAL AND POSTNATAL EXERCISE IN MADONNA UNIVERSITY TEACHING HOSPITAL (MUTH)
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to Study Safe maternity with improved neonatal outcomes is predicated on proper antenatal care services. Exercise has become a fundamental aspect of women’s lives and an important constituent of antenatal care. Wang and Apgar submitted that empirical data on the impact of exercise on the mother, the fetus, and the […]
KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE AS CORRELATE OF ADDHERENCE TO PREMARITAL SICKLE CELL SCREENING AMONG ADULT STUDENTS’ OF NNAMDI AZIKIWE UNIVERSITY AWKA, ANAMBRA STATE.
ABSTRACT Premarital sickle cell screening is a test done to screen intending couples in order to determine their genotype before marriage. This study investigated the knowledge and attitude of adult students of Nnamdi Azikiwe University (NAU), Awka as correlate of adherence to premarital sickle cell screening. A cross sectional descriptive research design was used for […]
KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE AS CORRELATE OF ADHERENCE TO PREMARITAL SICKLE CELL SCREENING AMONG ADULT STUDENTS’ OF NNAMDI AZIKIWE UNIVERSITY AWKA, ANAMBRA STATE.
ABSTRACT Premarital sickle cell screening is a test done to screen intending couples in order to determine their genotype before marriage. This study investigated the knowledge and attitude of adult students of Nnamdi Azikiwe University (NAU), Awka as correlate of adherence to premarital sickle cell screening. A cross sectional descriptive research design was used […]
KNOWLEDGE AND ADHERENCE OF PATIENTS WITH END STAGE RENAL DISEASE REGARDING HEMODIALYSIS IN FEDERAL TEACHING HOSPITAL, IDO-EKITI
ABSTRACT Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a progressive irreversible structural and functional damage of the kidney. Between 1990 and 2010, chronic kidney disease has moved from 29th to 18th position in the list of total number of deaths with the poorest populations being at highest risk.The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge […]
INVESTIGATING THE SERVICES AND PRACTICES OF TRADITIONAL BIRTH ATTENDANTS IN MATERNAL AND NEONATAL HEALTH CARE IN SOUTHERN IJAW LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, BAYELSA STATE
ABSTRACT Traditional Birth Attendants are traditional, independent non-formally trained and community based provider of care during pregnancy, labour and post partum period. Despite the important role TBAs play, some of their services and practices are very crude and ineffective. This analytical descriptive survey was therefore carried out to investigate the services and practices of TBAs […]
HEALTH-RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE OF WOMEN WITH BREAST CANCER AND THOSE WITHOUT CANCER AT UNTH ITUKU/OZALLA ENUGU
Abstract Breast cancer is a serious, stressful and life-threatening disease. Breast cancer survivors increasingly experience long-term side effects that influence their quality of life (Wonghongkul, Dechaprom , Phumivichuvate & Losawatkul,2006).This descriptive study was conducted on the health related quality of life of women with breast cancer and those without cancer at the university of Nigeria […]
HEALTHCARE COST AND UTILIZATION OF HEALTHCARE SERVICES BY THE INSURED AND UNINSURED CIVIL SERVANTS IN SELECTED FEDERAL GOVERNMENT AGENCIES IN ABAKALIKI
ABSTRACT One major component of access to healthcare is utilization of healthcare services. The National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) was designed to reduce the impact of poverty on the ability of the enrollee to utilize healthcare services. The question is has NHIS increased the utilization of health care services and offered financial protection to its […]
FOOD CRAVING AND AVERSION AMONG FIRST TIME PREGNANT WOMEN IN SELECTED HEALTH FACILITIES IN ENUGU METROPOLIS ENUGU STATE
ABSTRACT This study was aimed at examining the food craving and aversion among first time pregnant women in selected health facilities in Enugu metropolis. The objectives of this study were to determine the type of food first time pregnant women crave for or have aversion to, identify their reasons for their specific food craving and […]
HEALTH SEEKING BEHAVIOR TOWARDS HEALTH PROMOTION AMONG FAMILIES WITH ELDERLY IN ISIALA MBANO LGA IMO STATE
ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to find out the health seeking behavior towards health promotion among families with elderly in Isiala Mbano LGA Imo State. To achieve this purpose the ex- post facto research design was used to assess 399 respondents drawn from three clans of Isiala Mbano LGA through stratified sampling technique. […]
FACTORS INFLUENCING APPLICATION OF CLINICAL INSTRUCTIONS IN NURSING PRACTICE AMONG NURSING STUDENTS IN MADONNA UNIVERSITY
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the Study Learning is a change in behaviour over time that is brought about by experience during training in educational encounter (Akubuiro and Joshua, 2003). Training as part of education, is the acquisition of knowledge, skills and competence as a result of the teaching of practical skills and knowledge […]
A STUDY ON BIRTH PREPAREDNESS AND COMPLICATION READINESS AMONG WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE IN ENUGU METROPOLIS
ABSTRACT Background:Birth preparedness and complication readiness (BP/CR) is a strategy to promote the timely use of skilled maternal and neonatal care, especially during childbirth, based on the theory that preparing for childbirth and being ready for complications reduces delays in obtaining this care. Objective: To assess knowledge and practice of birth preparedness and complication readiness […]
COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE USE AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN IN UDI LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF ENUGU STATE, NIGERIA
Abstract This study was designed to obtain information on the use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) among pregnant women in Udi LGA of Enugu State. Cross sectional descriptive survey design was used for the study. A sample of 400 pregnant women was systematically drawn from the twenty political wards in Udi Local Government Area […]
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF PATIENTS’ AND NURSES’ PERCEPTIONS OF NURSE CARING BEHAVIOURS IN TWO TERTIARY HOSPITALS IN JOS
ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to comparatively assess patients’ and nurses’ perceptions of nurse caring behaviours in Jos University Teaching hospital (JUTH) and Plateau State Specialist Hospital (PSSH) Jos. A cross-sectional descriptive survey design was employed to study 332 patients and nurses. No sampling was done as all the subjects who met the […]
ATTITUDE OF NURSING STUDENTS’ TOWARDS THE MENTALLY ILL BEFORE AND AFTER PSYCHIATRIC TRAINING EXPERIENCE IN FEDERAL NEUROPSYCHIATRIC HOSPITAL ENUGU, NIGERIA
ABSTRACT Globally, a persistent negative attitude and social rejection of people with mental illness has prevailed throughout history in every social and religious culture. Having a mental health problem often stimulates with it a negative attitude, and such negative attitudes towards the mentally ill constitute great burden. This study aimed at assessing the attitude of […]
ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE OF CERVICAL CANCER SCREENING AMONG FEMALE HEALTH WORKERS IN UNIVERSITY OF PORT HARCOURT TEACHING HOSPITAL, PORT HARCOURT RIVERS STATE
ABSTRACT The purpose of the study was to examine the attitude and practice of female health workers towards cervical cancer screening (CCS) in the university of Port Harcourt teaching hospital (UPTH), Rivers state. The descriptive survey design was adopted for the study. A sample size of 352 was used for the study. This sample size […]
ASSESSMENT OF TERMINALLY ILL PATIENTS’ PERCEPTION ON COMMUNICATION OF PROGNOSTIC INFORMATION BY HEALTHCARE PROVIDERS IN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA TEACHING HOSPITAL, ITUKU/OZALLA.
ABSTRACT This study investigated terminally ill patients’ opinion on communication of prognostic information by healthcare providers. It specifically determined the views of terminally ill patients on what healthcare providers communicated to them about their prognosis; which of the healthcare providers that communicates prognostic information to terminally ill patients; the condition under which healthcare providers communicate […]
EFFECTIVENESS OF EXCLUSIVE BREASTFEEDING IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF UNDER-5 CHILDREN
ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of exclusive breastfeeding in the development of children under-five in Benue State, Nigeria. To achieve this purpose, 10 hospitals were randomly selected using multi-stage sampling technique (simple random, stratified, and purposive sampling techniques). The data was collected using close-ended questionnaire. 500 questionnaires were distributed […]