CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1  Background of the study The Gold Coast became the first country in Sub-Saharan Africa to gain independence from the United Kingdom (UK) in 1957. Ghana was selected as the name for the new country to honor Ghana’s historic kingdom, which formerly spanned most of western Africa. At independence in 1957, Ghana chose […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study A bandit is a robber or outlaw belonging to a gang, who uses weapons to steal or rob from the people and typically operating in an isolated or lawless area of a country. Banditry is a term used to refer to acts of robbery and violence in areas […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1         Background of the study The judiciary, among these organs, is an indispensable organ that balances the exercise of powers in the polity of any nation. The general responsibility of the court in the adjudication of an election is to hear and determine the winner and, consequently, the loser whenever a petition comes […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY One of the human security issues that humankind faces across the globe is crime. Several countries have struggled to curb soaring rates of murder, armed robbery, and kidnapping, as well as drug trafficking, sex trafficking, illicit weapons trafficking, and a slew of other crimes. In Nigeria, crime […]

CHAPTER ONE 1.1  Background of the study When we attempt to define the word politics, we have a lot of trouble. There is no one legally recognized definition of politics; rather, there are several. In other words, the phrase may be interpreted in a variety of ways that are both acceptable and legal. As a result, […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Democracy is adjudged as the most popular system of government in the world. It is popularly seen as the government of the people, by the people, and for the people. Democracy as an ideology is the philosophy of governance which sets a high premium on the basic freedoms […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study In Africa, good governance and stability have been quite elusive and attaining sustainable development has remained a mirage. This is because the governments’ policies have not focused on the people, as defined by the concept of sustainable development. The emerging concept of sustainable development is prioritized in the programs […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study In democratizing societies, the conceptual vehicle that connects the elements of social change described above is democratic practices which the political leadership must spread across the institutional landscape of governance. Thus, democratized governance institutions would mean building institutions and rules that are not just efficient but also fair, […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study It is difficult to come to terms on what democracy means. The core notion of democracy, on the other hand, is largely believed to have originated at Athens in the 5th century BC. Democracy, according to the Webster New Encyclopaedic Dictionary (1995), is a form of government in […]

CHAPTER ONE  INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study Most nations’ electoral weaknesses lead to election fraud, which poses a severe danger to democratic principles in any free democracy. According to Ismailaa, & Zaheruddin (2016), most African countries’ electoral rules include these weaknesses. Kenya, Sierra Leone, Nigeria, and other nations are affected by defects in the Electoral […]

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study The actions of some political gladiators in the Nigerian political arena have, throughout the course of the years, posed a number of difficulties to the political morality of Nigerian politics. These issues have come about as a result of the Nigerian political arena. The problems that are persistently […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study Without a doubt, Nigeria, as an artificial creation resulting from the amalgamation of diverse ethnic nationalities by British colonialists in 1914, has faced serious challenges in becoming a stable polity where equity, unity, fairness, and justice will characterize the relationships between the disparate groups. Several studies and scholars, […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study The democratic opening presented by Nigeria’s most recent transition to civil rule (June 1998–May 1999) has unleashed a host of hitherto repressed or dormant political forces. The Nigerian state1 has recently been subjected to a dramatic increase in ethnic militias. According to Vickers (2000), we live today in […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study Socialization is “the process by which individuals learn the culture of their society” (Harambos and Holborn, 2000:4). Culture itself is “the totality of learned, socially transmitted customs, knowledge, material objects and behavior. It includes ideas, values and artifacts of groups of people” (Schaefer, 2010:53). Extrapolating from this […]

CHAPTER ONE 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Development is a sine qua non for modern civilization. In a crusade and struggle to carryout development at all nooks and crannies of the society, the local government as the tier of government that is nearest to the people is saddled with the responsibility of direct development of […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the Study The quest for democracy, good governance and national development has been the major preoccupation of the Nigerian state since independence in 1960. These laudable objectives have suffered serious setbacks due to poor leadership and the inability of the followership to hold those in positions of authority accountable […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1   BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY Democracy in its true meaning is synonymous with grassroots democracy. Grassroots democracy is a people/community – driven participation in elections, governance and decision making. Grassroots democracy can be seen as a tendency towards designing political processes where as much decision making authority as practical is shifted to […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION   1.1      Background of the Study The insignificance activities, sequel to the attainment of political independence in the 1960 in Nigeria were indeed inimical to the expectations of the great nationalists, who took the pain to secure the political independence. According to Coleman (1958), the emergent politics that rolled down to the path of […]

ABSTRACT The use of social networking sites utilization in politics is obviously continued to grow in recent times. Since Barack Obama broke the world record in the history of social networks use for political purpose during the 2008 US presidential elections, many nations and politicians across the globe have continued to embrace the platform to […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1   BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY The Nigerian federalism is a creation of the British. Before the arrival of British colonialists, the area now known as Nigeria was inhabited by peoples who belonged to different empires, kingdoms and societies, which were traditionally administered. The relationship between these various entities was characterized by much […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1  BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Nigeria is richly endowed by providence with human and material resources critical for national development and advancement. However, since gaining political independence, Nigeria has continued to meander the path befitting failed, weak and “juvenile” states. A state that had very great prospects at independence and was touted to […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1   BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Democracy is a system in which the government is controlled by the people, and in which people are considered equals in the exercise of that control. However, unequal access to political finance contributes to an uneven political playing field. Campaign financing has been a major concern in Nigeria. […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1   BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY The increasing nature of insurgency, terrorism, arm robbery, kidnappings, corruption and ethnic crisis etc in Nigeria constitute a devastating threat to security to life and property. Lack of security of lives and property of the citizenry is a severe hindrance to meaningful development. A climate of fear will […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1    Background to the Study Blood and tears are the ink with which the events and history of the presence of oil in the Niger-Delta region of Nigeria, will ever be written. This could be attributed to a certain class of people that had continued use the instrument of the state to […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1    BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Africa as noted by Chaplan (1966:376), “is an important strategic arena in contemporary world politics”.  Osuntokun (1999:19) argues further “being the most populous black country in the world, Nigeria is being compelled to shoulder willingly and unwillingly the leadership of the black world.  This led to Nigeria’s […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY The civil service of any nation is the centerpiece of its administrative activities and performance and its output mirrors the performance of the ruling government charged with the formation and implementation of public policies – i.e. a documented guide action.  In a nutshell, the civil service is the […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1   BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY Terrorism and insurgency is globally becoming a household word as there is no nation that is completely absolved from its effect. This is the reason why Rourke (2008) observes that war, terrorism and other forms of transnational political violence are in many ways more threatening today than […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1   BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY The use of card readers at the 2015 general election in Nigeria has infused some level of transparency and credibility into Nigeria’s electoral process (Okonji, 2015). It was observed that when the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) first announced its plan to introduce card reader machine for […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1      Background of the Study In a statement on the 2015 Nigerian General Elections the Freedom House (2015a) congratulated Nigerians for an election that appears to be one of the smoothest and least violent in Nigeria‘s history and, hoped that the democratic transition occurs peacefully and with respect for human rights of all […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1     BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY In liberal democratic theory, an election is a viable mechanism for consummating representative government and voting is the main form of political participation in democratic societies; the study of voting behavior is a highly specialized sub-field in political and social science. There is no gainsaying that […]

CHAPTER ONE  INTRODUCTION 1.1.     Background of the Study The Boko Haram insurgency began in 2009, when the jihadist rebel group Boko Haram started an armed rebellion against the government of Nigeria. In 2013, more than 1,000 died in the conflict. The violence escalated dramatically in 2014, with 10,849 deaths. The insurgency has since spread to Cameroon, […]

ABSTRACT One of the basic Machineries of any Representative democratic system is the Electoral Process. The Experience of the western representative democracy in Nigeria can be traced from the Clifford and McPherson Constitutions for 1922 and 1951 respectively. This was elaborated at independence in the first and second republic and subsequent periods. Very Ugly Experiences […]

ABSTRACT Concisely, the emphasis of this research project is on the formulation and implementation of Governmental policies: A case study of Udenwa’s Tripod Vision. This is in connection to the fact that policy formulation and implementation is important in any administration.  Much emphasis were laid on how policies and programmes of government are formulated and […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the Study Rural Development can be considered as a key factor in achieving a good form of improvement in a local government in several ways. It could be In terms of empowerment of the grassroots, in cases of agricultural production, rural infrastructure, and several other indicators of development in a […]

INTRODUCTION Organizations have an important role in our daily lives and therefore, successful organizations represent a key ingredient for developing an organizational structure. In today’s dynamic and rapidly changing workplace and globalised economy, development of organizational performance is associated with the development personal performance, skills, knowledge and experience (Covey in Al-Kouri:2010). Baum (2002) has it […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1   BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Prior to the advent of commercial oil production in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria in 1958, the region was essentially a pristine environment which supported substantial subsistence resources for the mostly sedentary population. The region accounted for a large percentage of Nigeria’s commercial fisheries industry (Afinotan, […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1   BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Prior to the advent of commercial oil production in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria in 1958, the region was essentially a pristine environment which supported substantial subsistence resources for the mostly sedentary population. The region accounted for a large percentage of Nigeria’s commercial fisheries industry (Afinotan, […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1    BACKKGROUND OF THE STUDY The Niger Delta crisis has been a major threat to both socio-economic activities in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. At present, the amnesty programme is six years since it implementation in the Niger Delta as the Federal Government of Nigeria through the amnesty package had […]

ABSTRACT Prior to the 2015 general elections in Nigeria, INEC had conducted four quadrennial general elections from 1999-2011; and in a comparative study of 12 major steps in the election administration process, it was established that voter registration and campaign regulation were the weakest links in the series of activities involved in the election administration […]

Abstract This work is prompted by the desire to fathom corruption and underdevelopment in Nigerian public service. (a study of Anambra state).as a modest contribution of the federal government declared to eradicate corruption in our society. furthermore, in data collected primary together with secondary sources used by the researcher were got through questionnaire and interviews […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Developing countries are characterized by resource starved economies, specifically capital-related. Capital to boost economic growth and welfare is largely inadequate domestically, which consequently warrants the need for external capital. The only external capital readily available to support development undertakings have to come from foreign aid. The existence of […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1     Background of the Study It is the most outstanding yardstick for differentiating amongst political parties in a multi-party democracy. The ideology constitutes a roadmap for the operations of viable political parties in the democratic society. The enthronement of civilian rule in May 1999 heralded the proliferation of political parties which are either […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1   Background of the Study Fiscal decentralization has become fashionable regardless of levels of development and civilization of societies. Nations are turning to devolution to improve the performance of their public sectors. Fiscal federalism is essentially about the allocation of government resources and spending to the various tiers of government. In general the […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1   Background to the Study Public policies in Africa have been formulated and implemented over the years with the help of international organizations such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. Some have also been formulated single handedly by African political leaders aimed at achieving radical and rapid improvement in the […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1   Background of the Study Globally civil society organizations (CSOs) have become active non-state agents of democratic governance saddled with the multifaceted responsibilities of providing social welfare, economic empowerment, humanitarian services, political participation, human capital development and economic activities (Keane 1989, Ikelegbe 2013:2). Besides those captured roles or activities, the civil society […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1    Background of the Study Political parties are traditionally the most significant intermediary organization in democratic societies. Students of political parties have commonly associated them with democracy itself. Political parties, as “makers” of democracy, have been so romanticized that scholars claim that neither democracy nor democratic societies are thinkable without them. […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1    Background to the Study The need to catalyze balanced development, maximize citizen’s participation, and arouse government responsive necessitates the creation of the local government. The local government serves as a form of political and administrative structure facilitating decentralization, national integration, efficiency in governance, and a sense of belonging at the […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1   Background of the Study Elections were first organized and conducted in Nigeria in 1922 by the British colonial government in response to the pressures of the nationalists who were agitating for greater participation in the colonial administration (Enojo, 2010). Following the elections, Nigerians were offered the first opportunity to occupy certain political […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1   Background to the Study Essential to the people in a democratic society is their freedom of expression, association and assembly, which is guaranteed and protected by the fundamental law of the land. Among other principles of democracy are equality before the law, periodic, free and fair election, majority rule, independent and impartial […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1   Background of the Study Political parties are traditionally the most significant intermediary organizations in democratic societies. Students of political science have commonly associated them with democracy itself. Political parties, as “makers” of democracy, have been so romanticized that scholars claim that neither democracy nor democratic societies are thinkable without them (Omotola, 2009). […]