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ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to find out the health seeking behavior towards health promotion among families with elderly in Isiala Mbano LGA Imo State. To achieve this purpose the ex- post facto research design was used to assess 399 respondents drawn from three clans of Isiala Mbano LGA through stratified sampling technique. A closed ended questionnaire was used to obtain responses from the respondents, 400 copies of questionnaire were distributed to the respondents while 399 copies were received. Data collected for this study were analyzed using descriptive statistics of frequency counts, percentage mean and standard deviations and inferential statistics of ANOVA, Scheffe post hoc test and independent t- test. 0.05 level of significance was used for all test of significance. The findings show that age has significant effect in health care seeking behavior among the aged group in Isiala Mbano LGA Imo State and poor health care seeking behavior is present among age 80 years and above compared to 60 – 64 and 70 – 74 years respectively. It was concluded that age is a significant factor in decreasing healthcare seeking behavior among the aged in Isiala Mbano LGA. It was recommended that the government should embark on massive enlightenment programes for the aged in other to educate them and encourage them on health services available to them and also seek them when needed. Cost reduction and disease management should also be considered.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT 1
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
Background to the Study 5
Statement of the Problem 6
Research Objectives 7
Research Questions 8
Significance of the Study 8
Scope and Limitation of the Study 9
Operational Definition of Terms 10
CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Introduction 11
Concept of Aging 11
Concept of Health Care 12
Health Care Seeking Behavior Among the Aged 15
Awareness of Health Care Service Among the Aged Persons 17
Practice of The Aged Persons towards Health Care 18
Health Problems Associated with Ageing 20
Theoretical Framework on Health Care Seeking Behavior among the Aged 23
Empirical Studies on Health Care Seeking Behavior 31
CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY
Introduction 34
Research Design 34
Population of the Study 35
Sample and Sampling Techniques 35
Instrumentation 36
Validation of the Instrument 36
Procedure for Data Collection 36
Procedure for Data Analysis 37
CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
Introduction 39
Results 39
Test of hypotheses 46
Discussion of Findings 53
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary 57
Conclusions 58
Recommendations 59
REFERENCES 60
APPENDIX 73
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
- BACKGROUND OF STUDY
Aging refers to a lifelong process and varies in its effect on individuals, and as commonly defined as beginning at the age of 65 (Hess, 2008). Aging is a process of becoming older, it represent the accumulation of changes in person overtime (Bowen, Richard, Atwood, & Craig 2004). Aging is the gradual change in the structure of any organism that occur in the passage of time, that does not result from disease or other gross accidents and that eventually lead to the increased probability of death as the individual grows older (Miller 2003).
However, Ageing has become a global phenomenon and indeed a critical policy issue receiving some recognition by governments of developed countries where it is reflected in the government‘s vital document of economic and social development strategy (Okoye 2013). Furthermore, globally, the greatest increase in the number of older people is occurring in the developing and middle income countries. Nigeria is not an exception. Nigeria still has a relatively ―young‖ population when compared to most European countries and other countries where life expectancy is high. However, as medical advances allow people to live longer, the proportion of the elderly will increase in Nigeria (Okoye, 2013).
United Nations Department of Economics and New York Special Affairs Populations Division (2005) observe that the population of Nigerians aged 60 years and above is already increasing. United Nation‘s population profile (2005), shows that there were 5 million Nigerians aged 60 years and above in 2005 and the number will continue to increase by year 2025, it is estimated that 6% of the population will be 60years and above. Abdulraheem (2007) states that it may be necessary for policy makers to consider establishing neighborhood adult day care centres where elderly persons can meet each other during the day. Other services like medical, nutritional, recreational and educational services can also be incorporated into the neighborhood day care centres ( Okoye, 2013). The use of adult day care centers has been reported by many scholars to be very advantageous to elderly persons and their families.
According to Mion (2003), the delivery of health care to the older adults has been recognized to be more complex than that of younger adults because, the elderly persons utilize the majority of health care service while the complex needs have implication for future health care delivery to the geriatric population, Specifically in Nigeria, where the number of elderly citizens has been on the increase and their health needs receiving popular recognition. Findings on elderly health issues can be used to guide the formulation of comprehensive health services and health education policies and intervention programs for elderly men and women in Nigeria, (World Health Organization (2006). Moe, (2012), highlights that aging process and problems related to elderly should be better understood so that effective elderly health prevention can be planned and implemented. The need to improve the delivery of care for older adults in home and community settings will be unavoidable although the broad diffusion of transformative technologies offers a significant means to advance the effort of improving quality and reducing cost of care, (Centre for Technology and Aging, 2009).
- STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
Health care services are a major component towards providing quality living, it is a common problem that such services have posed a greater challenge on the health seeking behavior of the aged individuals in Imo State. Health Care is a top social problem facing the aged today the lack of awareness of health care services has posed a threat on the health of the aged, inadequate and poor health care facility management are some of the factors affecting the seeking behavior of the aged towards practice and utilization particularly those residing in rural areas and poor implementation of National Health Policy. Majority of the aged persons had age associated illnesses such as blood pressure, cardiac problems, diabetes, joint pains, kidney infections, cancer and tuberculosis that take a long time to treat which particularly affect their health seeking behavior. Aged individuals are found to have patronized traditional healers, resorted to self medication using local herbs or visit chemists‘shops whenever they are sick. This research therefore seeks to assess health seeking behavior towards health promotion among families with elderly in Isiala Mbano LGA of Imo state, Nigeria.
- RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
The general objective of the study is to assess health seeking behavior towards health promotion among families with elderly in Isiala Mbano LGA of Imo state, Nigeria. The specific objectives however, are stated as follows:
- To find out the effect of aging on health care seeking behavior among the families with elderly in Isiala Mbano LGA of Imo State
- To find out the practice of the aged person on health care seeking behavior in Isiala Mbano LGA of Imo State
- To find out whether gender has any differences on health seeking behavior towards health promotion among the families with elderly in Isiala Mbano LGA of Imo State
- To find out whether educational level has influence on health seeking behavior among families with elderly in Isiala Mbano LGA of Imo State.
- RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The following research questions were formulated by the researcher from the objectives.
- What is the effect of aging on health care seeking behavior among the families with elderly in Isiala Mbano LGA of Imo State?
- What are the practices of the aged person on health care seeking behavior toward health promotion in Isiala Mbano LGA of Imo State?
- Does gender have any difference on health seeking behavior towards health promotion among the families with elderly in Isiala Mbano LGA of Imo State?
- Does educational level influence health seeking behavior among families with elderly in Isiala Mbano LGA of Imo State?
- SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
This study will benefit the various stake holders in the health sector especially the local communities. Preventive health is the most vital component of health programmes as encapsulated in the popular saying that prevention is better than cure. The study will enable the people understand the need for preventive health as well as areas to which they can be involved in promoting preventive health in their various communities. This has impact on their attitude to the environment, as well as life styles.
The study will also have impact on promotive health component of health programmes. The communities will be able to gain insight on what it entails to engage in promotive health programmes. This knowledge will positively affect their involvement in various promotive health programmes of government and their local communities.
Finally, the study will benefit the various villages in Isiala Mbano LGA. Results of the study will provide insight into their relative involvement in health programmes and so enable them to improve where level of involvement is poor.
- SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF STUDY
The research was focused on the assessment of health seeking behavior towards health promotion among families with elderly in Isiala Mbano LGA of Imo state, Nigeria. The respondents for the study comprise of all the male and female elderly within the study area. The study has the following limitation; time constraints, financial constraints and access to relevant materials for the research.
- OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS
Health-Seeking Behavior: this has been defined as a “sequence of remedial actions that individuals undertake to rectify perceived ill-health.” In particular, health-seeking behavior can be described with data collected from information such as the time difference between the onset of an illness and getting in contact with a healthcare professional, type of healthcare provider patients sought help from, how compliant patient is with the recommended treatment, reasons for choice of healthcare professional and reasons for not seeking help from healthcare professionals. (http://wiki.ubc.ca/Health_Seeking_Behavior)
Health Promotion: this is “any planned combination of educational, political, environmental, regulatory, or organizational mechanisms that support actions and conditions of living conducive to the health of individuals, groups, and communities”. Health promotion can include interventions on multiples levels from public policy to teaching individuals, and addresses areas such as health behavior change, social determinants of health and health literacy. (Wikipedia)
Elderly: refers to someone who is 60 years old and above within the context of this research project.