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KNOWLEDGE AND UTILIZATION OF CERVICAL CANCER PREVENTIVE MEASURES AMONG WOMEN OF CHILD BEARING AGE (15-45) IN BARAU DIKKO TEACHING HOSPITAL, KADUNA

Abstract

This quantitative survey research explored the knowledge and utilization of cervical cancer preventive measures among women of childbearing age (15-45) in Barau Dikko Teaching Hospital’s catchment area. A structured questionnaire was designed to collect data from a purposive sample of 120 respondents. The study employed SPSS27 for data presentation and analysis, including the use of t-tests to test hypotheses related to education level, healthcare service access, and socio-cultural factors influencing preventive measure utilization. The findings revealed significant associations between education level and knowledge of cervical cancer preventive measures, with higher education correlating positively with increased awareness and utilization. Women who had previously accessed healthcare services at the hospital demonstrated a greater likelihood of utilizing cervical cancer preventive measures, highlighting the importance of integrated healthcare services and continuity of care. Socio-cultural factors were found to significantly influence preventive measure utilization, emphasizing the need for culturally sensitive interventions. In conclusion, this study underscores the critical role of education, healthcare access, and socio-cultural factors in shaping women’s knowledge and utilization of cervical cancer preventive measures. It emphasizes the importance of tailored education and awareness campaigns, integrated healthcare services, and community engagement initiatives in improving preventive care outcomes. Recommendations include enhancing education programs, strengthening healthcare infrastructure, advocating for supportive policies, and fostering ongoing research and monitoring efforts to sustain progress in cervical cancer prevention and control. These findings contribute to the existing literature and provide practical insights for healthcare policymakers, practitioners, and stakeholders working to reduce the burden of cervical cancer in similar settings.

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1       Background to the Study

Cervical cancer is a significant public health concern worldwide, particularly in developing countries like Nigeria. It is the fourth most common cancer among women globally, with about 570,000 new cases and 311,000 deaths annually (Parkin et al., 2018). In Nigeria, cervical cancer is the second most common cancer among women, with a high mortality rate due to late presentation and limited access to preventive measures and treatment (Balogun et al., 2022).

Barau Dikko Teaching Hospital, located in Kaduna, serves as a vital healthcare center for the region. Understanding the knowledge and utilization of cervical cancer preventive measures among women of childbearing age (15-45) in this hospital’s catchment area is crucial for developing targeted interventions to reduce the burden of cervical cancer (Al Thani et al., 2022). This hospital plays a critical role in providing healthcare services to a significant population, including screening and treatment for cervical cancer.

One of the major challenges in combating cervical cancer in Nigeria is the lack of awareness and knowledge about preventive measures among women. Studies have shown that women residing in urban slums in Lagos, Nigeria, have limited knowledge of cervical cancer and its risk factors (Balogun et al., 2022). This lack of awareness contributes to late diagnosis and treatment, leading to higher mortality rates.

Efforts to improve knowledge and awareness about cervical cancer are essential. Health education programs can significantly impact the utilization of cervical cancer screening services (Al Thani et al., 2022). These programs can target specific demographics, including women of childbearing age, to ensure they are well-informed about the importance of regular screenings and early detection.

Moreover, addressing barriers to access and utilization of preventive measures is crucial. Factors such as socio-economic status, cultural beliefs, and healthcare infrastructure play significant roles in determining women’s ability to access cervical cancer screening and treatment services (Nwankwo et al., 2020). Overcoming these barriers requires a multi-faceted approach involving government policies, community engagement, and healthcare system improvements.

In addition to education and access, research on innovative approaches to cervical cancer prevention and treatment is vital. Studies have shown that health education interventions can positively impact the utilization of screening services (Al Thani et al., 2022). However, ongoing research and development of new technologies and strategies are necessary to enhance early detection and improve treatment outcomes.

Collaboration between healthcare providers, policymakers, and community stakeholders is essential in addressing the burden of cervical cancer. Initiatives such as national cancer control strategies and community-based outreach programs can significantly impact the knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to cervical cancer prevention and treatment (Nwankwo et al., 2020). By working together, stakeholders can create a more comprehensive and effective approach to reducing the impact of cervical cancer on women’s health.

 

 

1.2       Statement of Problem

Several critical gaps exist regarding cervical cancer in Nigeria, particularly within the catchment area of Barau Dikko Teaching Hospital. Firstly, despite being the second most common cancer among women in Nigeria, cervical cancer still faces challenges related to late presentation and limited access to preventive measures and treatment options. This highlights a need for early detection and intervention strategies (Parkin et al., 2018).

Secondly, there is a significant lack of awareness and knowledge regarding cervical cancer and its risk factors among women in Nigeria, particularly those in urban slums. This lack of awareness contributes to delays in seeking medical attention and receiving appropriate screening and treatment. Thus, there is a crucial need for health education and awareness programs targeting these vulnerable populations (Balogun et al., 2022; Al Thani et al., 2022).

Furthermore, the utilization of cervical cancer preventive measures, such as screening and vaccination, remains suboptimal in Nigeria. This indicates a need for improved access to screening services and addressing socio-economic and cultural barriers that hinder women from accessing these essential healthcare interventions (Nwankwo et al., 2020).

Additionally, there is a gap in the readiness and capacity of the healthcare system to provide comprehensive cervical cancer prevention and treatment services, especially in resource-constrained settings like Nigeria. There is a need to strengthen healthcare infrastructure to ensure timely and quality care for women diagnosed with cervical cancer.

Lastly, there is a lack of research and data regarding the specific factors influencing knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to cervical cancer among women of childbearing age (15-45) in the Barau Dikko Teaching Hospital’s catchment area. This gap hinders the development of targeted interventions and policies tailored to the needs of this population (Nwankwo et al., 2020; Balogun et al., 2022).

1.3       Objectives of the Study

The following research objectives were examined:

1. To assess the knowledge level of cervical cancer preventive measures among women of childbearing age in Barau Dikko Teaching Hospital.
2. To determine the utilization rate of cervical cancer preventive measures such as HPV vaccination and Pap smears among women in the study population.
3. To identify the factors influencing the knowledge and utilization of cervical cancer preventive measures among women in the hospital’s catchment area.

1.4       Research Questions

The following research questions were asked:

1. What is the level of knowledge about cervical cancer preventive measures among women aged 15-45 in Barau Dikko Teaching Hospital?
2. How often do women in this age group utilize cervical cancer preventive measures such as HPV vaccination and Pap smears?
3. What are the main factors influencing the knowledge and utilization of cervical cancer preventive measures in this population?

1.5       Research Hypotheses

The following hypotheses were tested:

1. There is no significant association between education level and knowledge of cervical cancer preventive measures among women in Barau Dikko Teaching Hospital.
2. Women who have previously accessed healthcare services at the hospital are not more likely to utilize cervical cancer preventive measures.
3. Socio-cultural factors do not significantly influence the utilization of cervical cancer preventive measures among women in the study population.

1.6       Significance of the Study

The findings of this study are poised to make significant contributions to the existing body of literature concerning cervical cancer prevention and management, particularly among women receiving care at Barau Dikko Teaching Hospital. By delving into the knowledge gaps and utilization patterns of cervical cancer preventive measures in this specific population, this research aims to shed light on critical areas that require attention and intervention.

One of the primary contributions of this study lies in its ability to identify specific knowledge gaps among women regarding cervical cancer preventive measures. Understanding these gaps is crucial as it can inform the development of targeted health education programs aimed at improving awareness and knowledge levels among women in the hospital’s catchment area (Balogun et al., 2022). By bridging these knowledge gaps, women can make more informed decisions regarding their health, including actively participating in screening programs and vaccination campaigns.

Furthermore, the study’s insights into utilization patterns of cervical cancer preventive measures are equally valuable. By analyzing factors influencing the uptake of screening and vaccination services, healthcare policymakers and practitioners can tailor interventions to address barriers that hinder women from accessing these essential services (Nwankwo et al., 2020). This could involve improving the accessibility of screening clinics, reducing financial barriers, and addressing cultural beliefs or misconceptions that may deter women from seeking preventive care.

The implications of this study extend beyond academic discourse; they have direct relevance to healthcare policy and practice. Healthcare policymakers can use the findings to develop evidence-based strategies aimed at reducing the burden of cervical cancer in the region (Al Thani et al., 2022). For instance, policies focused on increasing funding for cervical cancer screening programs or implementing targeted outreach initiatives can be informed by the study’s insights.

Similarly, healthcare practitioners at Barau Dikko Teaching Hospital and other healthcare facilities can benefit from the study’s recommendations. The results can guide them in implementing best practices for cervical cancer prevention and management, ensuring that women receive timely and appropriate care (Balogun et al., 2022). This may involve enhancing counseling services, streamlining the referral process for further evaluation, or implementing reminder systems to encourage regular screenings and vaccination follow-ups.

Ultimately, the overarching goal of this study is to contribute to the broader effort of reducing the burden of cervical cancer in the region. By providing actionable insights and recommendations, the study aims to empower both healthcare providers and women themselves to actively engage in preventive measures, leading to improved health outcomes and a decreased incidence of cervical cancer-related morbidity and mortality in the long run.

1.7       Scope of the Study

This study focuses on women of childbearing age (15-45 years) who are accessing healthcare services at Barau Dikko Teaching Hospital in Kaduna. It specifically examines their knowledge about cervical cancer preventive measures such as HPV vaccination and Pap smears and assesses their utilization rates. The study also explores socio-demographic factors and cultural influences related to cervical cancer prevention within this population.

 

1.8       Operational Definition of Terms

Cervical Cancer Preventive Measures: Refers to actions taken to reduce the risk of developing cervical cancer, including HPV vaccination and regular Pap smears.

Knowledge Level: The degree of understanding and awareness regarding cervical cancer, its risk factors, and preventive measures among women in the study population.

Utilization Rate: The frequency at which women of childbearing age in the study population access and utilize cervical cancer preventive services such as vaccination and screening.

Factors Influencing: Refers to socio-demographic, cultural, and healthcare-related determinants that affect women’s knowledge about cervical cancer and their uptake of preventive measures.

HPV Vaccination: Immunization against human papillomavirus, a primary cause of cervical cancer.

Pap Smear: A screening test to detect precancerous or cancerous cells in the cervix, allowing for early diagnosis and treatment.

Healthcare Services: Includes all medical and preventive services related to cervical cancer, provided by Barau Dikko Teaching Hospital or other healthcare facilities in the region.

Catchment Area: The geographical area served by Barau Dikko Teaching Hospital, from which the study participants are drawn.