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KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICE OF PREVENTIVE MEASURES AGAINST NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS AMONG NURSES AND MIDWIVES IN MATERNITY WARDS OF GENERAL HOSPITAL SABON TASHA KADUNA STATE
Abstract
The study focused on assessing the knowledge and practice of preventive measures against nosocomial infections among nurses and midwives in maternity wards, adopting a quantitative survey research design. A structured questionnaire was developed to collect data from a sample of 120 respondents, reflecting a representative portion of the target population within the healthcare facility. Data collection involved administering the questionnaire to participants, gathering their responses on various aspects related to infection prevention practices and knowledge levels.Upon data collection, the obtained responses were meticulously organized and analyzed using frequency tables. This method facilitated a comprehensive overview of demographic distributions among the respondents and their corresponding responses to the survey items. Furthermore, a t-test was utilized to test the hypotheses outlined in the study, examining potential significant differences or relationships concerning the level of knowledge, practice of preventive measures, and factors influencing these aspects among the healthcare providers.The findings from the data analysis revealed insightful patterns and trends regarding the participants’ understanding of nosocomial infection prevention and their adherence to recommended practices. These quantitative results contributed to forming concrete conclusions regarding the prevailing status of infection prevention measures among nurses and midwives in maternity wards. Additionally, based on the conclusions drawn, the study generated a set of recommendations aimed at strengthening infection prevention and control strategies within the healthcare facility, including aspects such as continuous training programs, resource allocation, standard protocol implementation, organizational support, and the promotion of ongoing research initiatives.
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
Nosocomial infections, also known as hospital-acquired infections (HAI), represent a significant threat to patient safety and public health globally (Haley et al., 2021). These infections are acquired during the course of receiving treatment in a healthcare facility and can lead to prolonged hospital stays, increased healthcare costs, and even mortality (Martone et al., 2022). Nurses and midwives, being at the forefront of patient care in maternity wards, play a crucial role in preventing the spread of nosocomial infections (Parmeggiani et al., 2020).
In the context of the General Hospital Sabon Tasha in Kaduna State, Nigeria, understanding the knowledge and practices of preventive measures against nosocomial infections among nurses and midwives is paramount (National Audit Office, 2020). Maternity wards, being sensitive areas where mothers and newborns require specialized care, demand a high level of infection prevention and control measures to ensure optimal health outcomes (Erasmus et al., 2021).
One of the key aspects in preventing nosocomial infections is adherence to hand hygiene guidelines (World Health Organization, 2019). Proper hand hygiene has been shown to significantly reduce the transmission of pathogens in healthcare settings (Chen et al., 2021). It is imperative for healthcare workers, including nurses and midwives, to follow hand hygiene protocols rigorously to minimize the risk of nosocomial infections (Habib et al., 2021).
Additionally, surveillance and infection control programs play a vital role in preventing nosocomial infections (D’Agata et al., 2022). Monitoring and reporting of infection rates can help identify areas of improvement and implement targeted interventions (Lee et al., 2022). This proactive approach is essential in reducing the burden of HAIs in healthcare facilities (Kampf et al., 2019).
Furthermore, the healthcare environment itself can contribute to the spread of multidrug-resistant organisms, highlighting the need for robust containment practices (Chemaly et al., 2022). Implementing best practices for environmental cleaning and disinfection can significantly reduce the risk of HAIs (National Clinical Guideline Centre, 2022). Healthcare facilities, including General Hospital Sabon Tasha, must ensure strict adherence to these protocols.
Education and training are also crucial elements in preventing nosocomial infections (Ogoina et al., 2021). Healthcare workers, including nurses and midwives, should receive regular training on infection control practices (Gadzama et al., 2022). Improving knowledge and awareness can lead to better adherence to preventive measures, ultimately reducing the incidence of HAIs (Emori & Gaynes, 2021).
In ESSENCE, nosocomial infections represent a significant challenge in healthcare settings, with implications for patient safety and healthcare costs. Nurses and midwives, as frontline caregivers, play a pivotal role in preventing the spread of these infections. Understanding and implementing effective preventive measures, including hand hygiene, surveillance programs, environmental control, and continuous education, are essential in mitigating the impact of nosocomial infections in maternity wards and healthcare facilities overall.
1.2 Statement of Problem
The research on the knowledge and practice of preventive measures against nosocomial infections among nurses and midwives in maternity wards of General Hospital Sabon Tasha, Kaduna State, reveals several critical gaps. Despite existing guidelines and protocols, nosocomial infections remain a significant concern globally, contributing to prolonged hospital stays, increased healthcare costs, and adverse patient outcomes, including mortality (Haley et al., 2021).
In the specific context of General Hospital Sabon Tasha in Kaduna State, Nigeria, there is a clear need to bridge the gap between theoretical knowledge and practical implementation of infection prevention measures among healthcare workers, particularly nurses and midwives. These frontline caregivers are essential in providing specialized care to mothers and newborns, making their understanding and adherence to preventive measures crucial (Parmeggiani et al., 2020).
One of the primary challenges identified is the inconsistent adherence to hand hygiene protocols among healthcare workers in maternity wards. Proper hand hygiene is a fundamental preventive measure against nosocomial infections, yet barriers to compliance exist and need to be identified and addressed (Habib et al., 2021).
Moreover, the effectiveness of surveillance and infection control programs in preventing nosocomial infections needs assessment. Surveillance systems play a critical role in monitoring infection rates, identifying pathogens, and guiding targeted interventions. However, gaps may exist in the implementation and effectiveness of these programs within the maternity wards of General Hospital Sabon Tasha (D’Agata et al., 2022).
Another area of concern is the role of the healthcare environment in the transmission of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs). Adequate environmental control measures are essential to prevent the spread of MDROs and reduce the overall burden of HAIs. Assessing the current practices and identifying areas for improvement in environmental cleaning and disinfection protocols is crucial (Chemaly et al., 2022).
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The following specific objectives were investigated:
- To assess the knowledge of preventive measures against nosocomial infections among nurses and midwives in maternity wards of General Hospital Sabon Tasha, Kaduna State.
- To evaluate the practice of preventive measures against nosocomial infections among nurses and midwives in maternity wards of General Hospital Sabon Tasha, Kaduna State.
- To identify factors influencing the knowledge and practice of preventive measures against nosocomial infections among nurses and midwives in maternity wards of General Hospital Sabon Tasha, Kaduna State.
1.4 Research Questions
The following research questions were asked:
- What is the level of knowledge regarding preventive measures against nosocomial infections among nurses and midwives in maternity wards?
- How often do nurses and midwives in maternity wards practice preventive measures against nosocomial infections?
- What are the factors influencing the knowledge and practice of preventive measures among nurses and midwives in maternity wards?
1.5 Research Hypotheses
The following hypotheses were tested:
- Null Hypothesis (H0): There is no significant difference in the level of knowledge regarding preventive measures against nosocomial infections among nurses and midwives in maternity wards. Alternative Hypothesis (H1): There is a significant difference in the level of knowledge regarding preventive measures against nosocomial infections among nurses and midwives in maternity wards.
- Null Hypothesis (H0): There is no significant relationship between the frequency of practicing preventive measures against nosocomial infections and the professional roles of nurses and midwives in maternity wards. Alternative Hypothesis (H1): There is a significant relationship between the frequency of practicing preventive measures against nosocomial infections and the professional roles of nurses and midwives in maternity wards.
- Null Hypothesis (H0): There are no significant external factors influencing the knowledge and practice of preventive measures among nurses and midwives in maternity wards. Alternative Hypothesis (H1): There are significant external factors influencing the knowledge and practice of preventive measures among nurses and midwives in maternity wards.
1.6 Significance of the Study
The findings of this study hold immense potential for bolstering infection prevention and control strategies within maternity wards, not only at General Hospital Sabon Tasha but also in comparable healthcare environments. Through a thorough examination of the gaps in knowledge and practices concerning preventive measures against nosocomial infections among nurses and midwives, this research aims to pave the way for targeted interventions. These interventions can play a pivotal role in enhancing healthcare workers’ adherence to preventive protocols, thereby significantly mitigating the incidence of nosocomial infections and subsequently leading to improved patient outcomes.
Maternity wards, being sensitive areas where mothers and newborns require specialized care, demand a heightened focus on infection prevention and control. Nurses and midwives, as frontline caregivers in these settings, play a critical role in ensuring a safe and hygienic environment for patients. However, the gap between theoretical knowledge and practical implementation of infection prevention measures poses a significant challenge. This study seeks to bridge that gap by identifying specific areas where knowledge transfer and training interventions can be most effective.
By identifying the specific challenges and barriers that healthcare workers face in adhering to preventive measures, such as hand hygiene protocols and environmental control practices, tailored interventions can be designed. These interventions may include targeted training sessions, provision of necessary resources and equipment, and continuous monitoring and feedback mechanisms to reinforce positive behaviors.
The implications of improving infection prevention and control strategies are far-reaching. Not only does it directly impact the health and well-being of patients by reducing the risk of acquiring nosocomial infections, but it also contributes to overall healthcare cost reduction. Hospital-acquired infections often lead to prolonged hospital stays and additional medical interventions, all of which incur significant financial burdens on healthcare systems and patients alike.
Furthermore, an enhanced focus on infection prevention and control fosters a culture of safety and accountability among healthcare workers. It promotes a proactive approach to healthcare delivery, emphasizing the importance of preventive measures as a fundamental aspect of quality care. This cultural shift can have long-lasting benefits beyond the immediate reduction in nosocomial infections, contributing to a safer and more efficient healthcare ecosystem.
1.7 Scope of the Study
This study focuses on nurses and midwives working in maternity wards specifically within General Hospital Sabon Tasha, Kaduna State, Nigeria. The assessment will cover their knowledge and practices related to preventive measures against nosocomial infections. The study does not extend to other healthcare professionals or departments within the hospital.