COMPLETE SCHOOL PROJECT TOPICS & MATERIALS :
CHAPTERS: Chapter 1-5
|
DOC FORMAT: MS WORD/PDF
|
PRICE: ₦5,000
ABSTRACT
Climate change poses uncertainties to the supply and management of water resource, temperature increases also affect the hydrologic cycle by directly increasing evaporation of available surface water and vegetation transpiration. Consequently, these changes can influence precipitation amounts, timings and intensity rates, and indirectly impact the flux and storage of water in surface and subsurface reservoirs (i.e., lakes, soil moisture, groundwater). The aim of the study was not to pinpoint sources of contamination but to analysis characteristic that affects groundwater potential and contamination zones and produces the maps showing areas/zones viable for water facilities siting and identify zones that are more susceptible to contamination. The study area was Ede North LGA, located in Osun State, South-Western part of Nigeria. Ede North has its headquarters located in the town of Oja Timi (7.44‟N 4.28‟E). The methodology applied in this research is based on a set of parameters that describe the natural occurrence of groundwater accumulation. This research work has been able to confirm the use of Geographic Information System and Remote Sensing for determination and evaluation of the viable and safe areas for rural water supply scheme siting within Ede North Local Government of Osun State by demarcating the study area into groundwater potential and pollution zones. It could therefore be concluded that the use of GIS and RS can provide necessary data based/water information that can guide the practitioners in the field of water supply in schemes siting and distribution which shall aid the effective planning and managing of rural water supply. The study recommended that motorized scheme and hand pump scheme should be situated in an area demarcated as high groundwater potential and moderately potential area respectively.
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION
General Background on the Study
Water supply is threatened by increasing population growth and climate change. Since the last century, the population of the world has increased three times and industrial production has increased 50 times. This means demand for water is increasing and resources with suitable quality are depleting because of urban, agricultural, and industrial uses (Karamouzet al.,2011).
The need of water to human cannot be overstressed. He can survive longer without food than without water. Water has been identified as essential factor for the wellbeing of mankind, vital input to economic development, a basic requirement for the healthy functioning of all the World’s ecosystems and a critical index for the attainment of other facets of sustainable development.
Due to uneven distribution of rainfall both in time and space, the surface water resources are unevenly distributed and also, its development, operation and maintenance is highlycapital intensive. These have made human to depend on groundwater as a source of drinking water in Nigeria and in particular Ede North Local Government Area of Osun State, Nigeria. However low access to drinking water supply in the study area has been attributed partly to lack of adequate planning and management apart from low capital investment in water infrastructure in most part of “abandoned” areas of rural communities. Also, lack of coherent data management structure which causes severe impediment to planning and design which resulted to inefficient, less accurate and consequently many wastes in the system. In fact most of organizations‟ that implement groundwater development keep borehole data without unification and coordination with the other organizations. Many borehole data are scattered and lost without effective use during their custody (FMWR-JICA, 2014).
Currently, the water supply -related data/information such as schemes types, location/geographic coordinate, depth of installation, quality of productive wells is not uniformly managed at all. It makes it difficult to grasp rapidly and correctly on the existing condition of groundwater resources facilities and taking adequate decision in any kind of water resources plans and projects in the study area.
Quantification of a catchment water balance is a fundamental requirement in the assessment and management of water resources, in particular under the impacts of human-induced land use and climate change(Nebo and Sumaya, 2012). Effective planning and managing of the groundwater resources for utilization will therefore involve critical assessment of groundwater potential qualitatively and quantitatively vis-à-vis prevalent climate changes, and facilities for water abstraction to meet the present as well as future population water demand of the entire communities.
Remote Sensing (RS) technology produces an authentic source of information in identifying, classifying, mapping and planning of natural resources (Ifatimehinet al., 2009). Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) in water resources data acquisition, processing and storage are now increasingly used to solve challenges in water resources planning, development and management. The use of a GIS system within water
utility can provide benefits at different organizational level and different users (Roland and Zoran, 2011).Multiband, multidate and multistage satellite imaging has been extensively used in Asian countries and developed countries of the world for water resources studies and management of land uses (Akingbogun and Oloyede, 2012).
GIS approach produces GIS-generated maps with user friendly, robust and extensible database system which makes features such as query, groundwater potential and pollution vulnerability zone and distribution patterns of rural water supply facility possible from which comprehensive assessment can be inferred. This is the focus of this work for realization of the Sustainable Development Goal of water supply, sustainability of Water infrastructure, protection of groundwater aquifer from over exploitation and pollution which will bring about, high level and prompt decision taken by political leaders and operators within the study area.
Statement of Research Problem
Low access to safe drinking water supply is a major problem of the inhabitants of the Ede North LGA. Most of their rural dwellers have no access to the minimum required 30 litres/capital/day of drinking water from safe sources which had made them to depend on the water from streams, rivers and unprotected wells to meet their drinking water needs. The consequence of which has led to the untimely death of many lives from diseases associated with insufficient water and poor water quality. Despite the involvement of government at various levels, development partners, Non-Governmental Organisation, religious bodies as well as philanthropic in the provision of water supply schemes in Ede North LGA, access to safe drinking water is still low(FMWR, 2007). Inadequate water supply in the study area has been attributed partly to lack of adequate data information for planning and management apart from low and uncoordinated capital investment in water supply infrastructure. In addition, water supply scheme are usually located on the political consideration not on the community needs and sound technical consideration.
The quality of groundwater being utilized by the rural population is largely unmonitored. Deterioration of groundwater quality in the study area are due to infiltration of contaminated surface water and chemical fertilizers leaching into groundwater as well as bacterial presence in boreholes due to poor sanitation practices. In 2014 it was reported that for the drinking water sources in parts of the LGA, the toxic metals such as Pb (0.01-0.03), Hg (Nd-0.03), As (Nd-0.03), and Cd (Nd-0.04) recorded values higher than the safe limits set by WHO hence, the water sources are capable of constituting serious health hazards(Odebunmi, et al., 2014). Residences of rural communities are predominantly farmers who engaged in subsistence agriculture and poultry production. The generated wastes from poultry production serve as potential contaminants and cultivation of cash crop such as cocoa and annual crops is usually sustained with application of pesticides and fertilizer, all of which make the groundwater at risk to contamination.
Aim and Objectives
The aim of this study is to use Geographical Information System to carry out an assessment of groundwater resources for rural water supply scheme with a view to providing powerful tools for the scheme planning and management.
Specifically the objectives of this study are as follows: