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ABSTRACT

 

This research evaluates the potential challenges to a total eradication of child trafficking in Nigeria. The magnitude of the problem, as well as its despicable nature, triggered increasing legislations in Nigeria in recent years. This research shows that despite the remarkable efforts in term of law and policy approaches, the problem appears to persist. The objective of the research is to demonstrate that law and policies approaches to addressing the issue are not proving effective. It appears that several socio-cultural issues related to child trafficking remain unaddressed. Despite the wealth of knowledge in relation to the topic, there is a gap in literature. In an attempt to fill the existing gap, this research inquires whether the non-achievement of goals in combatting child trafficking is imputable to the lack of toughness in the spirit of the laws and policies or the lack of efficacy due to ineffective implementation and enforcement. By providing the appropriate answers to these crucial questions, the research will not only fill the existing gap in literature but also offer the adequate approach to be taken by law and policy makers and other stakeholders in the fight against child trafficking to overcome the problem. The approach taken in conducting this research is textual analysis or doctrinal analysis and deconstruction of the enforcement mechanisms of human trafficking laws and policies in Nigeria in general. Notwithstanding the fact that Nigeria has sufficiently domesticated international human trafficking legislation and human rights instruments, the issue of enforcement remains a crucial element in achieving the ultimate goal of total eradication. It is therefore necessary to adopt a holistic approach to combatting child trafficking in order to achieve the ultimate goal of total eradication.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND TO STUDY

Human trafficking in general and child trafficking in particular is one of the most difficult phenomena to modernization and development aspirations of Nigeria.^[1]It is interesting to note that child trafficking also has two dimensions. It is necessary to shed light on the two dimensions to understand their mechanisms and identify the type and level of the challenges they pose to the Nigerian authorities, law and policy makers and researchers.

The internal dimension of trafficking in human beings consists of a situation where young women, girls and boys are trafficked from their natural rural areas in urban areas in the country through intermediaries or through more criminal networks or less organized. The goal is to get to the madams or households where they can serve as home helps with little or no payment for services rendered. This practice stems from the tradition in many African countries where less skilled members of the community living in rural areas send their children to other districts relationships in urban areas who are financially able to take care of their relations less fortunate.^[2]

The external dimension of human trafficking was a serious concern in Nigeria in recent years. This increased concern is due to the scale of the operation involved in the practice and its impact on the international image of the country. It involves the trafficking of victims from Nigeria to other African and European countries, on the basis of attractive offers made to them by the traffickers or their intermediaries. The general trend in this dimension of trafficking is that before victims leave Nigeria, they are made to sign documents agreeing to pay their sponsors a sum of money as reimbursement for their expensesof the Trip.

External and child trafficking mainly develop internal Nigeria because some factors contribute to the perpetuation of poverty, custom and traditional practices. Trafficking in children is closely linked to the problem of poverty.^[3]Child trafficking is practiced is for parents to solve their economic disappearance or traffickers exert the practice of pure greed. It could be argued that what is considered as the exploitation of children by parents has never been understood as such in most African societies. The modernization of African societies have played a crucial role in changing perceptions some traditional setting and views, but it seems that the financial requirements have prevailed over social values. Folami argued that free economic system has created the opportunity for children operating in modern Nigeria.^[4]He noted that children are now revenue generation tools for parents. This issue had become unprecedented in comparison to what can be achieved in the traditional structure of Nigeria when children were seen as economic tools for greater production of wealth by parents on farms.^[5]Although the responsibility to create a sound legal environment is the protection of children’s rights with the authorities, parents also have the primary responsibility to implement a level of care and protection of their environment irrelevant. Regarding this approach Abba wrote that:

“” Every child has the right to life, and if so, it is a responsible parent that could make this practical and realistic to uphold children’s rights and existence to life. Time is now torn for society to address the rights of children and trafficking in human beings and responsible parents in the country of West Africa Nigeria. Children have natural rights to exist, grow and maturely to develop in the hemisphere regardless of the environment or they are. A good child of a good responsible parent and must not and should not meet or experience in any way the so-called problem of children by one of the good mother and father in a family care . ‘ “^[6]

The claim that the practice of child trafficking in Nigeria is particularly does not imply that the practice is less dramatic in other countries. Instead, this research intends to highlight the fact that child trafficking in Nigeria has its specific characteristics that require a different approach to deal with this problem. While trafficking in general is exclusively driven by financial gain in most companies where there is the practice of child trafficking in Nigeria is underpinned by customary and traditional practices such as promotion of the child.

The manipulation of phenomena such as child labor, child trafficking and other child abuse requires the authorities to undertake legal and political reforms, bearing in mind the reconciliation of traditional and modern values. Obviously, most of these social problems strongly related to cultural and traditional contexts. Therefore, they can not be dealt with from a legal perspective without exploring the possible challenges and appropriate responses. To the extent that this approach is not adopted, and as long as the underlying problems or unanswered surrounding factors, it may be difficult to reach the objectives waiting. In some cases, even if the issue is addressed paradoxes reconcile traditional or customary rules and contemporary perceptions of the rise of right to give the complex situation of the implementation and application. The risk that such a scenario is perpetuated remains one of the questions posed to the Nigerian authorities. On this issue, which persists in Nigeria Adefi aptly concludes in his remarks that:

“” So is dynamic and not static custom. It is subject to change especially over a long period of time. There are such customary practices in different parts of rural Nigeria, which have evolved in some customary law and are applied as such by existing authorities / governing bodies. Some of these practices have been posted by the laws, but most of them are largely unwritten part but have the force of law. They are accepted by the communities concerned and are applicable in some cases, without mercy. Some of them do not pass even the incompatibility test, and as such are contrary to the known principles of natural justice. ‘ “^[7]

The traditional perception of children’s rights, women’s rights, and good governance are issues to be properly addressed in the case of child trafficking in Nigeria. Notes Crawford that “Transparency is an essential feature of an approach based on human rights to development. Transparency reflects both the intrinsic human rights and values.

Citizens of insight and oversight regarding public interest issues are important fundamental values, which allows people to make choices and live a meaningful life informed and empowered. “^[8]This argument leads to the ideal approach to the practice of a country of public administration and public management. This approach is essential to current research as the continued practice of child trafficking in Nigerian society is underpinned by many factors centered on issues of traditional parameters and management of public affairs authorities and the lack of good governance .

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Laws and policies on child trafficking in Nigeria also promote human rights, but the overall goal is often achieved.^[9]Punishment of traffickers is often inflicted in consideration of their fundamental human rights. The court will assess all the circumstances before taking any decision. As a result, some offenders get away with small fines Courts generally impose fines, which limits orders or prison sentences under the sentencing guidelines. In terms of power reaching law, the argument of the rigidity of legislation may be relevant. Although the recurrence or recurrent cases more and more traffic offenses in Nigeria since the adoption of a law on the exemplary deals in 2003 was blamed for the mild sentences, it should be noted that this story could overshadow some relevant issues. As previously stated,

Worthwhile the company by the Court provides that offenders do not reoffend participating in any form of abuse or trafficking of children. However, these people are often taken as second or third primary offenders. This vicious circle is also crucial to the debate on the effectiveness of the laws. Therefore, when, for example, the law provided long prison sentences or heavy fines, it is recommended that these laws are revised making the determination of guidelines for soft penalty to allow the courts to toughen decisions. Attorney General of the Federation v Toyin Ogbebor,^[10]having found the accused guilty of child trafficking, the court held: Imprisonment as punishment is to reform the accused and make him fit for future roles in society. In this case, the accused is very sober after realizing his mistake. To this extent, she made confessional statements and also pleaded guilty before this court. As such, the imprisonment will serve no benefit to the accused “. The penalty of imprisonment imposed in this case was made under subsection 19 (1) (b) of the Trafficking in Persons (Prohibition) Law Enforcement and Administration Act 2003.^[11]Under the same Article 19 (1) (b) of the Trafficking in Persons and of the law enforcement and Management Act, 2003, the offense is punishable by ten years imprisonment, affine not exceeding 200,000 N, or both. In this particular case, the accused was sentenced to 2 years imprisonment and term o NGN 50,000 (approximately 310 USD) only. In light of the court decision, there is no guarantee that the accused will not reoffend.

Institutions such as the National Agency for the Prohibition of Trafficking in Person (NAPTIP), police, customs being the execution section of the chain, can be more well-funded and well-staffed. Such an effort will be materialized by allocating sufficient financial resources and logistics and new technologies to all participating institutions and organizations in the fight against human trafficking in Nigeria.

The need to explore other avenues that legislation in the search for a viable response to the phenomenon of child trafficking in Nigeria seems to be a matter of urgency. Therefore, this research examines the possibility for the Nigerian authorities, law and policy makers to design viable socio-economic responses as legal instruments establishing and achievable and to take legal and political reforms. The complete picture of the phenomenon and the relevant issues should be submitted to understand the state of things regarding the law and the implementation of policies and possible answers to the problem in the foreseeable future. Therefore, the research seeks to enter the fight against the trafficking of children from four perspectives.

 

 

 

 

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE

This research aims to identify the determinants of child trafficking persists in Nigerian society and responses provides a critical assessment of the law and the political phenomenon, both nationally and internationally. The objective of the research is to demonstrate that the law and policy approaches for addressing ineffective. However, laws and policies are often considered fit for purpose; the ineffectiveness appears to lack of implementation and enforcement. It is interesting to note that despite the rigidity of laws and policies, the implementation and enforcement are not effective. The reason for such inefficiency should therefore be identified and addressed. Therefore, the current deficit should lead to the identification of difficult issues to the effective implementation and enforcement. The determination or identification of difficult issues to the implementation and enforcement will be critical to the strategies for the development of the problem of trafficking in human beings in general and child trafficking in particular

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE RESEARCH 

This research examines the opportunities and challenges of Nigeria in attempts to eradicate child trafficking. While the international, regional and subregional consider the establishment of legal frameworks to be an effective way to answer questions and in response to this, the States in developing legal and policy frameworks. However addressing the problem of child trafficking in Nigeria requires a broader and holistic approach. This research proposes a comprehensive approach to issues to address the issue of child trafficking. The feeling that the authorities and legislators pay little attention to the holistic approach to solve the problem of making the whole debate on child trafficking in Nigeria much more complex. It seems that a unique approach to mind is the choice of the authorities regarding the fight against human trafficking in general and child trafficking in particular. The idea that child trafficking can be eradicated by laws and policies can not prevail in the socio-economic environment and existing policy in Nigeria. Therefore, for the purpose of finding a comprehensive way forward to combat trafficking in children, should take a holistic approach. A holistic approach to addressing the problem also help to understand the ineffectiveness of existing legal frameworks. Therefore, for the purpose of finding a comprehensive way forward to combat trafficking in children, should take a holistic approach. A holistic approach to addressing the problem also help to understand the ineffectiveness of existing legal frameworks. Therefore, for the purpose of finding a comprehensive way forward to combat trafficking in children, should take a holistic approach. A holistic approach to addressing the problem also help to understand the ineffectiveness of existing legal frameworks.

Research is greatly informed by my previous work as a Nigerian lawyer and my knowledge of the practice of countries in public administration. I gained a wealth of practical ideas and the right working mechanisms and policy makers in Nigeria. My contribution to reflections on issues such as socio-legal human trafficking, child labor, female genital mutilation (FGM) was held at the local and federal levels in Nigeria gave me the opportunity to capture the problem of child trafficking in the socio-legal perspective. The conduct of this research is a unique opportunity not only a critical analysis of the persistent issue of child trafficking in Nigeria, but also to offer practical solutions to move forward.

 

SCOPE OF STUDY

This study looks specifically at the protection of child trafficking in Nigeria. In this light, the research project carefully considers only legal framework for protection against human right since they are the main concern of child trafficking.

 

METHODOLOGY

The reason research methodology is essentially doctrinal (textual analysis) also called library research.^[12]The body of literature on human trafficking in general and child trafficking in particular is consistent and wide. Based on existing legal instruments and scientific contributions on the issue, it is clear that the analysis of these materials available provided a response to several questions raised in the conduct of this research so that the empirical search option is not intended at any stage of the research. An interdisciplinary approach is adopted by research to address the main subject and related concepts and theories thoroughly. In fact, investigations are made in the field of law, the field of politics, sociology, policy area and the area of ​​economic rights. Although the main determinant of child trafficking appears to be economic gain, it is also driven by traditional perceptions, lack of good governance. It is necessary to assess all factors important to address the phenomenon of Nigeria effectively. For example, an analysis of the traditional element is essential to this research because sustainable trafficking of children in general and child abuse, in particular, is supported by cultural or traditional perceptions.While is an important determinant in Nigeria, in Europe, it would not have been the same determinant. Child trafficking is a global phenomenon, comparative analysis is also applied in this research in order to assess the strength of the Nigerian laws and policy frameworks by comparing it with international legal frameworks, regional and subregional. Secondary such as books, journal articles, and previous research has been extracted and examined using Brunel Library, School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) Library and the British Library.Whereas secondary sources were used primarily in the conduct of this project, the main relevant sources are clearly identified and exploited. Indeed treaties relevant to trafficking in children, laws and cases have been examined. Given the approach, only the applied research methodology is doctrinal (textual analysis). Admittedly, the quality of available treaties, laws, cases, data, reports and research published on enough issues to rely solely on textual analysis in the context of this research. Moreover, the theme of this research is specific countries

 

LITERATURE REVIEW

The story of globalization seems to create a mimetic effect in which all countries strive to meet certain international standards. In this vein, Chang notes that “in recent advance of globalization, it has become popular to argue that countries should adopt a set of ome institutions that meet the ” global standards ” in order to survive in the new, borderless world. ‘^[13]

Although this care may not be highest among industrialized countries because they are at or near to meet these standards, developing countries strong competition for meeting these standards. , They tend to be more active at every stage of the globalization process. Chigara maintains that: The purpose of the update authoritatively the International Labor Code gave them the co-editorial control over the entire labor code involvement in the ILO “late” so the end result could be considered an international labor code that was both co-author and approved by all four regions of the world through their representation in the working group “.^[14]

Many countries that aspire to some international position often fall short of observing the fundamental values ​​of society. The modernization of African societies have played a crucial role in changing perceptions some traditional setting and views, but it seems economic requirements prevailed over social values. Folami argued that free economic system has created the possibility of exploitation of the modern Nigerian children. He noted that children are now revenue generation tools for parents. This problem has become unprecedented compared to what can be achieved in the traditional structure of Nigeria when children were seen as economic tools for future production of wealth by the parents on the farm.^[15]

Values ​​such as transparency, the protection of human rights in general^[16]and protection of women and children’s rights, in particular, are rare in most traditional communities in developing countries but they are part of the global community.^[17]This creates the debate on the real participation of some developing countries in building a global community. There is an impression that countries undertake international cooperation only for purposes of compliance with the international order. A genuine interest to observe international order, respect for international standards and treaties must transpire in the management of a country of universal issues and importance. The manipulation of phenomena such as child labor, child trafficking and other child abuse requires the authorities to undertake legal and political reforms, bearing in mind the reconciliation of traditional and modern values. Obviously, most of these social problems strongly related to cultural and traditional contexts. Therefore, they can not be dealt with from a legal perspective without exploring the possible challenges and appropriate responses. To the extent that this approach is not adopted, and as long as the underlying problems or unanswered surrounding factors, it may be difficult to reach the objectives waiting. In some cases, even if the issue is addressed paradoxes reconcile traditional or customary rules and modern perceptions of increased giving of the law to the complex situation of the implementation and application. The risk that such a scenario is still perpetuated the One of the questions to the Nigerian authorities on this persistent issue in Nigeria, Adefi aptly concludes in his remarks that: Since this approach is not adopted as long as the underlying problems or environmental factors remain unanswered, it can be difficult to reach the objectives waiting. In some cases, even if the issue is addressed paradoxes reconcile traditional or customary rules and modern perceptions of increased giving of the law to the complex situation of the implementation and application. The risk that such a scenario is perpetuated remains one of the questions posed to the Nigerian authorities on this lingering question in Nigeria Adefi aptly concludes in his remarks that: To the extent that this approach is not adopted, and as long as the underlying problems or unanswered surrounding factors, it may be difficult to reach the objectives waiting. In some cases, even if the issue is addressed paradoxes reconcile traditional or customary rules and modern perceptions of increased giving of the law to the complex situation of the implementation and application. The risk that such a scenario is perpetuated remains one of the questions posed to the Nigerian authorities on this lingering question in Nigeria Adefi aptly concludes in his comments that: In some cases, even if the issue is addressed paradoxes of reconciling the rules traditional or customary and modern perceptions of increase giving of the law to the complex situation of the implementation and application. The risk that such a scenario is perpetuated remains one of the questions posed to the Nigerian authorities on this lingering question in Nigeria Adefi aptly concludes in his comments that: In some cases, even if the issue is addressed paradoxes of reconciling the rules traditional or customary and modern perceptions of increased giving of the law to the complex situation of the implementation and application. The risk that such a scenario is perpetuated remains one of the questions posed to the Nigerian authorities on this lingering question in Nigeria Adefi aptly concludes in his remarks that: The risk that such a scenario is perpetuated remains one of the questions posed to the Nigerian authorities on this lingering question in Nigeria Adefi aptly concludes in his comments that: In some cases, even if the issue is addressed paradoxes of reconciling the rules traditional or customary and modern perceptions of increased giving of the law to the complex situation of the implementation and application. The risk that such a scenario is perpetuated remains one of the questions posed to the Nigerian authorities on this lingering question in Nigeria Adefi aptly concludes in his remarks that: The risk that such a scenario is perpetuated remains one of the questions posed to the Nigerian authorities on this lingering question in Nigeria Adefi aptly concludes in his comments that: In some cases, even if the issue is addressed paradoxes of reconciling the rules traditional or customary and modern perceptions of increased giving of the law to the complex situation of the implementation and application. The risk that such a scenario is perpetuated remains one of the questions posed to the Nigerian authorities on this lingering question in Nigeria Adefi aptly concludes in his remarks that: Adefi aptly concludes in his comments that: In some cases, even if the issue is addressed paradoxes reconcile traditional or customary rules and modern perceptions of increased giving of the law to the complex situation of the implementation and the application. The risk that such a scenario is perpetuated remains one of the questions posed to the Nigerian authorities on this lingering question in Nigeria Adefi aptly concludes in his remarks that: Adefi aptly concludes in his comments that: In some cases, even if the issue is addressed paradoxes reconcile traditional or customary rules and modern perceptions of increased giving of the law to the complex situation of the implementation and the application. The risk that such a scenario is perpetuated remains one of the questions posed to the Nigerian authorities on this lingering question in Nigeria Adefi aptly concludes in his remarks that:

“” So is dynamic and not static custom. It is subject to change especially over a long period of time. There are such customary practices in different parts of rural Nigeria, which have evolved in some customary law and are applied as such by existing authorities / governing bodies. Some of these practices have been posted by the laws, but most of them are largely unwritten part but have the force of law. They are accepted by the communities concerned and are applicable in some cases, without mercy. Some of them do not pass even the incompatibility test, and as such are contrary to the known principles of natural justice. ‘ “^[18]

The traditional perception of children’s rights, women’s rights, and good governance are issues to be properly addressed in the case of child trafficking in Nigeria. Notes that Crawford: “Transparency is a key element of an approach based on human rights to development.

Transparency reflects both the intrinsic human rights and values. Citizens of insight and oversight regarding public interest issues are important intrinsic values, which allows people to make choices and live a meaningful life informed and empowered. “^[19]This argument leads to the ideal approach to the practice of a country of public administration and public management. This approach is essential to current research as the continued practice of child trafficking in Nigerian society is underpinned by many factors centered on issues of traditional parameters and management of public affairs authorities.

The existing literature on child protection in general traffic and children, in particular, is considerable. Although the responsibility to create a sound legal environment is the protection of children’s rights with the authorities, parents have the primary responsibility to apply a level of care and protection of their environment irrelevant. Regarding this approach Abba wrote that:

“” Every child has the right to life and whether it is a responsible parent that could make this practical and realistic to uphold children’s rights and existence to life. Time is now torn for society to address the rights of children and trafficking in human beings and responsible parents in the country of West Africa Nigeria. Children have natural rights to exist, grow and maturely to develop in the hemisphere regardless of the environment or they are. A good child of a good responsible parent and must not and should not meet or experience in any way the so-called problem of children by one of the good mother and father in a family care . ‘ “^[20]

However, the existing literature on child protection, child abuse, child labor and in particular child trafficking appears sufficient that various issues related to the phenomenon have been developed by academics, experts and practitioners, there a persistent gap in the literature concerning the specific case of child trafficking in Nigeria. The issue has not been addressed from a different perspective that encompasses multiple subjects. In other words, the fight against child trafficking in Nigeria requires that other issues be addressed in the field across Nigeria. For example, poverty, customary fostering, corruption of illiteracy and poor approach to

The literature corpus serves as a springboard to achieve the ultimate goal of total eradication. The claim that the practice of child trafficking in Nigeria is not specifically suggest that the practice is less dramatic in other countries. Rather, it is intended to highlight the fact that child trafficking in Nigeria has its specific characteristics that require a different approach from the issues. As noted, the detrimental effects of child trafficking are also effective in the industrialized countries. In this vein Vinkovic writes:

“” Trafficking in children verbis must be identified as a cause of the worst forms of child labor, especially child sexual exploitation. Coherent activity of the authorities of the EU Member State cooperation in the field of internal affairs and criminal matters, and the development of effective supranational penal framework should become a priority of a company oriented to the highest standards protection of children’s rights as a category separate rights of man. ‘^[21]

While trafficking in general is driven solely by financial gain in most companies where there is the practice of child trafficking in Nigeria is underpinned by several factors. Notes Oderinde that the major factor for the crime of child trafficking is poverty coupled with weak enforcement of the Right of Children Act, ignorance, greed, illiteracy, the collapse of family values ​​and increasing violence against women.28 However, the observation contains the essential elements for the continuation and development of child trafficking; there are items such as traditional and customary parameters.

• Chapter Outline

Chapter one sets the base for the study. It looks at the general background and states the primary problem that provoked this research. In addition, the chapter sets out the objectives of the study be investigated. Chapter two contains conceptual and theoretical framework on child trafficking in Nigeria. Chapter three discusses the nature of the problem of child trafficking in Nigeria. The chapter four discusses legal framework on child trafficking in Nigeria while chapter fives gives the summary, conclusion and recommendations based on findings.

 

[1] Nlerum S Okogbule, “The fight against the” new slavery “in Nigeria: An assessment of the political and legal responses to trafficking in human beings”

[2]ibid. 6 ibid.

[3]S Olubukola Adesina, “Modern slavery: poverty and child trafficking in Nigeria” (2014) 12 Identities Africa 165180. See also the Asian Development Bank and Jan Van Heeswijk PM, “The fight against trafficking in women and children in South Asia: Regional synresearch Paper for Bangladesh, India and Nepal “(Asian development Bank, 2004)

 

[4] Olakunle Michael Folami, “The criminal exploitation of children contemporary Nigeria (2011) Review of Social Work 39.

[5] ibid.

[6] Joebarth Abba, “children’s rights and trafficking in human beings and responsible parenthood in the West African country Nigeria (2014) 3 Journal of Arts and Humanities 81.

 

[7] Olong Mathew Adefi ‘Prospects for the realization of human rights: Nigeria rural perspective’ (2012) 5 Journal of the policy and the law 40, 48.

[8] Gordon Crawford, ‘Human Rights and Development: Putting the center Economica (2015) 37 662 Human Right Quarterly.

[9]Trust Fund for the children of Nigeria (Amendment) Decree. 72, 1993, the Law on Child Rights (ARC) 2003, traffic and law enforcement Management Act 2003 are important instruments adopted for the promotion and protection of children’s rights in Nigeria. These legal instruments are analyzed in the following chapters in this research.

 

[10] See the Attorney General of the Federation and Toyin Ogbebor [NCT / 140/06] High Court (7April 2008).

[11] See Trafficking in Persons (Prohibition) Law Enforcement and Administration Act 2003.Sect 1 (b) Any person who by force or OBLIGED by any means deceitful person to induce leave a place, commits an offense and is liable to imprisonment for ten years or a fine not exceeding N200,000.00 or both;

 

[12] View Ashish Kumar Singhal and Malik Ikramuddin, ‘doctrinal, social and legal research methods: advantages and disadvantages’ (2012) 2 Educational Research Journal 252, 256.

[13] Ha-Joon Chang, ‘Globalization, global standards and the future of East Asia (2005) 34 Economic Review and Industries 363, 378.

[14] Ben Chigara, ‘retardataires à l’OIT et l’auteur et la propriété du Code international du travail’ (2007) 29 706 Human Rights Quarterly, 726.

[15] Olakunle Michael Folami, «L’exploitation criminelle des enfants contemporaine Nigeria (2011) Examen du travail social 39.

[16] Voir la Déclaration universelle des droits de l’homme (DUDH) est une déclaration adoptée par l’Assemblée générale des Nations Unies le 10 Décembre 1948.

[17]Voir Nnadi Ine, ‘Son préférence – une violation des droits humains des femmes: une étude de cas personnalisée Igbo au Nigeria’ (2013) 6 Journal de la politique et de la loi 134, 141.

[18] Olong Mathew Adefi, ‘Perspectives pour la réalisation des droits de l’homme: le Nigeria rural en perspective’ (2012) 5 Journal de la politique et de la loi 40, 48.

[19] Gordon Crawford, ‘droits de l’homme et le développement: Mettre Economica au centre’ (2015) 37 662 Human Right Quarterly.

[20] Joebarth Abba, «droits de l’enfant et la traite des êtres humains et la parenté responsable dans le pays ouest-africain Nigeria (2014) 3 Journal des Arts et des Sciences Humaines 81.

[21] Mario Vinkovic, ‘Le ‘mariage ininterrompue” – le travail des enfants et le trafic en Europe »(2010) 13 Journal du contrôle en matière de blanchiment d’argent 87, 102.