COMPLETE SCHOOL PROJECT TOPICS & MATERIALS :
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Children are the future of any nation or community. They are essential for the survival of any group of people. For this reason and more the focus of international public health concern has been on reducing child mortality and morbidity in order to propagate, preserve, nurture and ensure continuity of the human race. This is rightly so as WHO (2000) reported that recently in the mid 1980s, some fifteen million children under five years of age died each year, representing 30 per cent of all deaths in many countries. This evil trend was addressed through the provision of Child Health Services (CHS). According to William (1984), CHS are that aspect of medical services that provide essential health services to protect, promote and maintain health and well-being for child bearing families as a unit and for each individual child within that family up to school age (from birth to five years). World Health Organization WHO (1993) stated that CHS is a channel through which medical and health services can be organized to improve the health of the child, prevent diseases and promote growth and development. Tabah (1987) had earlier noted that CHS is an integral part of community health services and has been adopted as Maternal and Child Health Services (MCH). Starfeiled (2002) asserted that CHS is an integral part of Primary Health Care (PHC) which is concerned with the provision of accessible, integrated, bio-psychosocial health care service by the health care personnel who are accountable for addressing a large majority of personal health needs, developing a sustained partnership with patients and participating in the context of family and community. According to Guagilardo (2004) PHC is recognized as the most important form of health care delivery system for maintaining populations health including child health, because it is relatively inexpensive, can be more easily delivered than specialty an in-patient care (if properly distributed) and most effective in preventing disease progression in a large scale. The health of the child and services offered to protect it are influenced by factors classified by Cleason, Edward, Mawiji, and Pathmanathan (2000) as proximate factors (such as non-medical and medical care during the antenatal period, care at birth, preventive and curative care in the post-natal periods) and non-proximate factors such as maternal factors (age, parity and birth intervals). Household and community level factors (such as water supply, sanitation, and housing) then socio-economic development and health services. Diamond (2000) pointed out that there is little doubt that high child mortality rates are associated with high rates of child bearing early child bearing, short birth spacing and high-parity birth. He suggested that effort to reduce high child mortality should not only end in health intervention but should include improvement in women’s education.
The increased burden of communicable diseases among school children due to poor personal hygiene practices and inadequate sanitary conditions remains a concern on the public health agenda in developing countries. School children are particularly vulnerable to neglect of basic personal hygiene due lack of knowledge and practice. Poor knowledge, practice of and attitudes to personal hygiene such as hand washing play major roles in the high incidence of communicable diseases and therefore has negative consequences for a child’s long term overall development.
Improved awareness and hand hygiene practices especially among children have effectively reduced gastrointestinal and respiratory tract infections by up to 50% the two leading causes of childhood morbidity and mortality around the world. In addition, studies have also shown that school children with better knowledge and practices of personal hygiene have fewer sick days and absenteeism in school and achieve higher grades.
School is the place where health education regarding important aspects of hygiene, environment and sanitation, as well as social customs is being imparted. Health is a key factor in school entry, as well as continued participation and attainment in school. The teacher is the guardian of the child in school and plays a pivotal role in the whole process of primordial prevention. Bearing in mind that school children have been consistently implicated in the spread of communicable diseases and that the school has been recognized as a vital setting for health promotion, this study was planned to assess personal hygiene in primary school children in Lea primary school, Lugbe,Abuja.
WHAT IS COMMUNICABLE DISEASE
Communicable diseases are diseases that spread from one person to another or from an animal to a person. The spread often happens via airborne viruses or bacteria, but also through blood or other body fluid. The terms infectious and contagious are also used to describe communicable disease.
Communicable diseases are caused by pathogens passed from one human to another. Pathogens are viral, bacterial, parasitic and fungal. Methods of transmission include mucus, blood, breath, saliva and sexual contact. Contaminated surfaces, such as doorknobs, counter tops and playground equipment, provide a medium for passing disease from one human to another.
COMMON COLD
The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases states that as of 2007, Americans have an estimated 1 billion colds each year. The age group most susceptible to repeated colds is children. People older than 60 average less than one cold a year. The common cold is a viral infection.
GASTROENTERITIS
Viral gastroenteritis is a highly contagious disease spread by contact, such as sharing food or eating and drinking from contaminated utensils. Depending on the specific virus, gastroenteritis lasts from one to two days or up to 10 days. Two known causes of viral gastroenteritis are rotavirus and norovirus.
STREP THROAT
Strep throat is a communicable disease caused by group A streptococci bacteria. KidsHealth states that teens are particularly susceptible to strep throat during the school year. Strep throat bacteria spread easily by sneezing, coughing or shaking hands. A rapid strep test in the doctor’s office will confirm whether the symptoms are because of strep throat or a viral sore throat.
PINK EYE
Pink eye is a common name for a highly contagious form of bacterial or viral conjunctivitis. The virus that causes the common cold causes viral pink eye. Staphylococcus or streptococcus cause bacterial pink eye. To reduce the chances for spreading pink eye, avoid touching the infected eye, wash your hands frequently and avoid reusing towels or washcloths in contact with the eye.
FIFTH DISEASE
The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia states that fifth disease, a human parvovirus, is most common among children and spreads through direct contact with nasal and throat discharge. Exanthem, a skin rash or eruption, appears at onset of the disease. Fifth disease spreads easily because it is contagious before symptoms of the rash appear.
GONORRHEA
Gonorrhea, a sexually transmitted disease caused by the Neisseria gonorrhoeae bacterium, is a common infectious disease. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates more than 700,000 people acquire gonorrheal infections every year. Sexual activity is the primary method of spreading the disease.
HEPATITIS
Hepatitis is a viral infection of the liver. The three types of hepatitis are hepatitis A, hepatitis B and hepatitis C. The most prevalent of the three types worldwide is the hepatitis B virus, with about 350 million people infected in 2005. Hepatitis causes inflammation of the liver that can lead to life-threatening conditions, such as cirrhosis and liver failure.
WHOOPING COUGH
Whooping cough, or pertussis, is a highly communicable disease that affects all ages. The symptoms of whooping cough include respiratory infection, runny nose, low-grade fever and a mild cough that progresses to an uncontrollable cough with a high-pitched whoop.
ROTAVIRUS
Rotavirus is a highly contagious infection that affects the gastrointestinal system of children. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, fever and watery diarrhea. Rotavirus is a noted problem in daycare facilities. The virus spreads from the stool of infected individuals. Poor hand washing technique following toilet use easily spreads the rotavirus.
HIV/AIDS
HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) causes AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) in the late stages of infection. HIV is in the semen, vaginal fluid and blood of infected persons. Unprotected sex and shared needles or syringes with HIV or AIDS carriers are the main methods of disease transmission.
1.1 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Health promotion strategies are considered to be equally valid for the prevention and control of communicable diseases, despite the focus of this approach on non-communicable diseases, especially in the developed world. The Bangkok Charter, developed in August 2005, explicitly mentioned communicable diseases in its revised definition of health promotion. This renewed interest is also evident in Canada and can be ascribed to the growing concern about the threats posed by a number of communicable disease trends in the developing nation. It is in view of this that the researcher intends to evaluate the impact of health education in eradicating communicable disease among primary school pupils in LEA primary school in Lugbe village, Abuja.
1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The main objective of the study is on evaluation of health education as a tool for eradicating communicable disease among primary school pupils; but to aid the completion of the study, the researcher intends to achieve the following objectives;
i) To evaluate the effect of health education in minimizing communicable disease among primary school pupils
ii) To ascertain the impact of health education on the health of pupils
iii) To investigate the relationship between health education and the academic performance of the pupils
iv) To ascertain the role of parent in educating the pupils on how to prevent communicable disease in schools.
1.3 RESEARCH QUESTION
The research will give answers to the following questions
i. What is the effect of health education in minimizing communicable disease among primary school pupils in LEA primary school, Lugbe village, Abuja?
ii. What is the impact of health education on the health of pupils in LEA primary school?
iii. To what extent has health education has influence academic performance of pupils in LEA primary school?
iv. What is the role of parent in educating their children on how to prevent communicable diseases in school?
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The findings will be of great importance to parents, community and other researchers. The study seek to emphasis on the role of the parents in educating their wards on the possible measures of preventing communicable diseases in their school environment, the study will also be of importance to the teachers in imbibing a rigorous approach towards health education on the pupils. The study will also be of importance to researchers who intend to embark on study in similar topic as the study will serve as a reference point to the researcher.
1.5 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The scope of the study covers an evaluation of health education as a tool for eradicating communicable diseases among primary school pupils with emphasis on LEA primary school Lugbe village, FCT Abuja. But in the cause of the study, there were some factors which limited the scope of the study;
(a) Availability of research material: The research material available to the researcher is insufficient, thereby limiting the study.
(b) Time: The time frame allocated to the study does not enhance wider coverage as the researcher has to combine other academic activities and examinations with the study.
(c) Finance: The finance available for the research work does not allow for wider coverage as resources are very limited as the researcher has other academic bills to cover