COMPLETE SCHOOL PROJECT TOPICS & MATERIALS :
CHAPTERS: Chapter 1-5
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ABSTRACT
China and Pakistan have had one of the closest and friendliest relationships since 1951. These good relations undoubtedly have obvious reasons why economic issues are high on the list. The trade liberalization policies of these two countries have led to greater trade cohesion through fish trade. The purpose of this study is therefore to further strengthen the economic and friendly relations between China and Pakistan through an in-depth analysis of the state of cooperation and future opportunities for fishing trade between the two countries. To this end, we conducted a survey and collectively surveyed 37 adults belonging to the fishing community, as well as business people and government officials working in Pakistan. The results show that, with the awakening of CPEC and the liberalization of trade, a new era of improved fish trade between China and Pakistan is imminent. Following the EU ban, China is the largest potential emerging market for Pakistani fishery products. Fisheries exports from Pakistan to China gain momentum. In 2015, Pakistan exported 142,848 tonnes (tonnes) of fishery products to China. In the future, this number is expected to increase significantly. As fish trade accelerates, the increase in fish production in Pakistan must be combined with a revised policy on technical barriers to fish trade. Since then, China and Pakistan have maintained warm relationships that are steadily improving. It is therefore necessary to formulate a common commercial fisheries policy and find ways to expand the fishing trade.
INTRODUCTION
China and Pakistan have maintained long-term relationships since 1951 [1]. Your bilateral relations are the closest and friendliest. These relationships are based on trust and cooperation that exist between these two countries. The Chinese and Pakistani companies are very friendly and friendly to each other. This environment allows for greater cooperation and greater diversification of existing good relations. These relationships certainly have obvious reasons why economic concerns are at the top of the list. Pakistan receives significant financial support from China for the development of various sectors, including agriculture [2]. These two countries have begun to promote their development through joint ventures. Therefore, several cooperation agreements have been signed between them3. One of the most important agreements between these two countries is the 2007 Free Trade Agreement, which has completely changed the pace of cooperation between them. As a result, the volume of trade between the two countries reached $ 20 billion (US $) in 2015 [5]. Mutual trading has grown steadily from 2012 to 2017 (averaging 18.8% yoy) [3]. Despite the spread of the gravitational model, trade liberalization has led to an improvement in trade.
In the past, trade between the two countries was slow. This late trade is generally considered due to non-tariff barriers and informal trade. Now, however, the scenario has changed due to the policy of trade liberalization between the two countries. Two factors played a central role in this increase in economic cohesion, namely China’s attachment to the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the awakening of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). Both factors promise a better economic connection between these two countries [6].
The complementary resources of China and Pakistan can play a crucial role in strengthening existing cooperation3. The fisheries sector is an important agricultural sub-sector in both countries, playing an important role in the economy [7-8]. The fish trade also takes place between China and Pakistan9. The export of various fishery products to China brings much income to Pakistan [10]. The purpose of this study is to further strengthen economic relations and friendly relations between China and Pakistan through an in-depth analysis of the state of cooperation and future opportunities in the fisheries sector between the two countries. To this end, we conducted a survey and collectively surveyed 37 adults belonging to the fishing community in Sindh, business people working in fisheries, people working with the Pakistan Fisheries Commission, and a fishing community in Gwadar. The majority of respondents (89%) agreed that China and Pakistan have a very good relationship. The majority emphasized that both countries can boost their economies through cooperation in the fisheries sector, as each of them has economic potential.
Fisheries Sector in China
China is a coastal country of East Asia. It is surrounded by four seas to know it. the South China Sea, the East China Sea, the Yellow Sea and the Bohai Sea. Its coast has a length of 18,000 km and extends between Bohai and the Gulf of Tonkin in the north and south, respectively [11]. The China platform covers an area of 1,013,154 km2, while its EEZ is approximately 2,285,872 km2 [12]. To manage all coastal areas, three marine management zones are included. The Yellow Sea and the Bohai Sea, the East China Sea and the South China Sea are formed in China. Biota diverse inhabits the marine waters of China. The reported number of Chinese marine animals is more than three thousand, of which about a thousand aquatic species are caught. The main fishing resources are from fish, cephalopods, crustaceans, jellyfish and algae.
In China, fisheries play a much more important role in the economy than in Pakistan. About 10% and $ 30.520 million of total agricultural production comes from fish products. In 2004, China had around 13 million people engaged in fishing, including eight million full-time workers in the primary sector. The majority of workers in the primary sector (4.5 million) are associated with aquaculture, while the very small number (1.8 million) is dedicated to catch fishing [13].
China’s contribution to total world fishery production is around 35% 13. In China, total fish production grew strongly between 1997 and 2015. Apparently, this trend is a product of China’s fisheries activity policy [14]. However, looking at the contribution of different sub-sectors such as marine, interior and aquaculture, it is noted that maritime fisheries production has not risen so sharply since 1997 (12,788,817 t = ton) to 2015 (15,314,001 t) (Figure 1) ). It should be noted that maritime and continental production refers to the production of fishery for the collection of these areas, while aquaculture relates to the production of aquaculture by all aquatic environments, ie both inland and at sea. Despite increasing fishing effort, catch fish production does not increase, indicating that China’s marine waters are overfished [15-16]. In fact, Chinese marine waters are promoted through open access, resulting in higher costs and lower revenues [14].
China is the world leader in aquaculture production. The pattern of aquaculture production is shown in Fig. 1. It is reported that two-thirds of aquaculture production in the world belongs to China [17]. Aquaculture production uses a variety of aquatic habitats such as tanks, lakes, ponds and cages. In 2005, aquaculture production amounted to 32.4 million t17. The most common form of aquaculture inside is the cultivation of ponds18. The main carp such as grass, black, pearls and silver carp are mainly used in China for aquaculture [19]. Carp is the most aquaculture fish in China. Its production volume replaces the total amount of all fish species, such as salmon and trout, which originate from aquaculture world-wide. Since 1980, however, other species, such. Molluscs, sea algae and crustaceans are also produced by aquaculture [19-20].
The fisheries processing industry in China has become a leading industry with millions of people. It has been estimated that this industry employs about 400,000 people in the Dalian, Fujian and Qingdao provinces [13]. China’s fish processing industry is the largest in the world [21]. It has built up its fisheries sector very quickly [13]. In 1979 there were only 52 fish processing companies. Their number has increased enormously over time
In 2013, these companies achieved a capacity of 19 million tonnes of fishery products. These products are diverse in nature and also intended for local consumption and export [21]. It is reported that in 2011 718 freezer vessels, factories and processing plants were approved for the export of fishery products to the EU. Of the approved processing plants, 294 factories are authorized to handle only catch fishing. More than 90% of these approved factories are located in Qingdao and Dalian13. The statistics on the production of fishery products for export are shown in Figure 2.
FAO has divided fisheries products into four groups. fishes; crustaceans; Mollusks, aquatic invertebrates; and fish, crustaceans, mollusks and other aquatic invertebrates. The first three groups comprise edible products, while the last category includes non-edible fishery products consisting of corals, shellfish, fish-soluble substances, silages, meals, oils, algae, aquatic plants, sponges, waste, etc. in China in 1997 (4,287,139 t) in 2015 (16,700,075 t). Processed fish is the fish product with the highest production for export in China. In 1997 quantity of fish fishery products; The crustaceans and mollusks, the aquatic invertebrates were 3,549,476 t, 72,758 t and 122,727 t, respectively, which increased to 15,213,555 t, 354, 450 t and 692,070 t in 2015 (Figure 2). However, the production of raw material from fish, crustaceans, molluscs and other aquatic invertebrates increased from 542,178 t (1997) to 440,000 t (2015).
Fig. 1 — Sources of Fishery Products in China (1997-2015) [15]
Fig. 2 — Fishery Commodity Production for Trade in China (1997-2015) [15]
Fisheries Sector in Pakistan
Pakistan is a coastal country located geographically in South Asia [28]. Its coastline stretches between the Iranian border on the west side and the Indian border on the east side. The total length of the Pakistani coast is 1,120 km and covers the 348 km of Sind and the province of Baluchistan with 772 km in length. The platform area along the coast of Sindh province stretches along a length of 40 to 120 km and is generally smooth and forms good trawls. The Indus Delta and the streams along the Sindh coast make it an ideal habitat for the appearance of fins and shellfish. On the other hand, the coast of Balochistan is relatively narrow, 12 – 32 km, steep and unequal29. The total area of marine waters in Pakistan, including the Exclusive Economic Zone, is 240,000 km2, which is used for research and exploitation of fishery resources30. The main fisheries resources of Pakistan include 20 large species, 15 pelagic species and 250 demersal species [29].
In Pakistan, fishing plays an important role in economic improvement, employing thousands of people8. The contribution of the fishing sector to GDP (gross domestic product) is around 1% and 1% of the active population is linked to this sector31. It is reported that 400,000 people are directly linked to the fishing sector in Pakistan, while 600,000 people work in auxiliary industries [32]. The fisheries sector supports around one million people along the entire coast of Pakistan [33]. Sea fishing is the most important fisheries subsector in Pakistan, with around 70% of its fisheries production [29].
Total fish production in Pakistan (1997 – 2015) has increased over time. However, the average growth rate of 1.58% y-1 during the study period remained very low. Several studies explain that the marine waters of Pakistan are under an open access regime34-35. The consequences of open access fisheries can be reflected in the subsequent reduction in biomass production in the fishery, which over time leads to higher costs and lower incomes for fishermen. The maritime fishery sector of Pakistan is a victim of this situation, as can be seen in an analysis of the fishing patterns of maritime fisheries in Pakistan. Despite the overall increase in total fishery production in Pakistan, the contribution of the maritime fishing sector has declined. The fishing production at sea in 1997 was 422,329 tons, which decreased to 359,653 tons in 2015 (Figure 3). In addition, the phenomenon of marine fishing production CPUE (catch effort per unit) and production of marine fisheries is a downward trend. This may be an open regime in Pakistan.
In terms of our survey, 92% of respondents said that the biomass of marine biomass has decreased over time, especially for fish with a high economic value. Most of them reported that in the past more than twenty fish of high economic value had been caught in large quantities from the marine waters of Pakistan, but now their numbers and abundance have greatly decreased. On the other hand, national production increased considerably from 182,930 t (1997) to 283,511 t (2015). Aquaculture production is booming over time. The contribution of inland fisheries has increased over time. In 1997, fishing capacity of national vessels was 1,982,930 tons, but increased and reached 283,511 tons in 2015. Mackerel production has been negative for several years. After 2006, however, the contribution of this sector with average growth gradually increased by 2.65% y-1 (Fig. 3).
In Pakistan, there are many aquatic resources, both at sea and inland, that can be used for aquaculture36. However, the growth of aquaculture is very low compared to the potential of these aquaculture resources. Despite the coast, only inland aquaculture is practiced in Pakistan. For aquaculture of carp species, the system of earthen ponds is generally preferred [31]. Three species of carp fish. Cirrihinus mrigala, Ctenopharyngodon idella and Hypophthalmichthys molitrix are usually aquacultured. These three carp species contribute almost equally to aquaculture production (around 25,000 t / y). Its production volume increased from 2003 to 2013. However, after 2006, its production has increased significantly. The fish of aquaculture in Pakistan is Labeo rohita. Between 2003 and 2013, aquaculture produced 36,208 to 1’1 of this fish [36].