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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background to Study
Africa contributes to about 7 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions. Yet it remains highly vulnerable to the projected impact of climate change. Therefore, the pitfalls of climate change could add to development and growth challenges that Africa faces and exacerbate its vulnerability in the future. Climate change will particularly affect the poorest and most excluded segments of society that already have the lowest capacity to respond to those effects. Climate change will also exacerbate inequalities in health and education, access to adequate food, clean water, sanitary, sustainable energy and scarce resources. Generally speaking, the ability of the continent of Africa to adapt to the adverse effects of climate change is significantly lower than in the rest of the world. Thus, if preventive actions are not taken to mitigate these effects, they could contribute to the reduction of arable land, worsen chronic hunger, and even lead to social unrest. These direct and indirect impacts of climate change could in turn trigger migration, especially among African states.
Statement of Problem
The role of Diaspora groups in development strategies, poverty reduction and economic growth has attracted considerable interest from policymakers in recent years but it is not yet clear to governments or development actors how they can best engage with the Diaspora community. Diasporas are a potential source of skilled labour or expertise for their ‘home’ countries through return migration, including temporary or ‘virtual’ return. Migrants are ambassadors of their homeland in the host land but they are also ambassadors of the host land in their respective countries of origin. In undertaking this dual role, African Diaspora should be well informed about global issues that impact their countries of origin. Diaspora can act as a bridge between “North and South”, by raising awareness in the host country about issues and increase the acceptance of the population for the assistance provided by their countries to the vulnerable countries. Diasporas may also bridge the transnational space and facilitate transnational cooperation. In order to combat climate change poor countries, need to mobilize all resources (financial, institutional and human) on different fronts. Diaspora can play an important role in this context.
Research Objectives
The general objective of this study is to evaluate climate change and political conflict in Africa: focus on migration and refugees in the continent. Specifically, this study focuses on
- The role of the African Diaspora in assisting their country of origin in its fight against the adverse impacts of climate change.
- The policy processes that are relevant to address the multiple challenges that climate change processes trigger in different parts of Africa.
- Defining the role of African Diaspora in discussions related to climate change and political conflict more directly.
Research Questions
The following research questions guided the study;
- What is the role of the African Diaspora in assisting their country of origin in its fight against the adverse impacts of climate change?
- What are the policy processes that are relevant to address the multiple challenges that climate change processes trigger in different parts of Africa?
- What is the role of African Diaspora in discussions related to climate change and political conflict more directly?
Significance of Study
This study is of great relevance to society and the academia. First, this study seeks to kick-start a debate on the interrelated issues of climate change, development and migration in order to increase the involvement of the African Diaspora and to strengthen their role and voice. The study covers insights on the magnitude of environmental challenges that occur in Africa as a result of climate change today and in the future, shows the relevance for development processes and finally reflects on the issue of climate induced migration.
Second, the study shows different policy processes that are relevant to address the multiple challenges that climate change processes trigger in different parts of Africa. The policy study informs policy circles in development communities from both continents on the importance of mainstreaming the nexus between climate change, development and migration in the post-2015 development agenda, but also in other areas such as the UNFCCC negotiations towards a 2015 agreement, the UNCCD zero-net land degradation programme or the Nansen Initiative.
Third, the study contributes to defining the role of African Diaspora in discussions related to climate change more directly. The study is part of a set of activities to initiate the first step: Involve Africans in Europe in the discussion on climate change issue, building on development cooperation debates on both continents, where Diaspora is already identified, as a strategic partner might build bridges between the continents. To this end, the study highlights the importance of building a critical constituency at different levels that lobbies for the adoption of policy and practical changes at the local, national, and EU and AU level responsive to the mitigation of hazards of climate change on development and migration.