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SEX EDUCATION AND SOCIAL MEDIA AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL ADOLESCENT STUDENTS IN UYO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF AKWA IBOM STATE, NIGERIA

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                                          CHAPTER ONE

                                           INTRODUCTION

  • Background to the Study

Sex education provides instructions on various physical, psychological and social aspects of sexual responses and reproduction to young people, according to Leepson, (2009). Common avenues for sex education are parents or caregivers, formal school programs, religious bodies, public health campaigns, internet, social media, mass media, websites, magazines, journals, etc. Boethius, (2011). Sex education programs has three basic approaches, schools and public health practitioners has to select the best approach for teaching young people about sex through the media or internet and school curriculum. These approaches include abstinence only, abstinence-plus and comprehensive sex education. Abstinence only- until marriage focus exclusively on postponing sex until marriage. Its provides students with knowledge of basic anatomy and the risks and consequences of it, while STDs and HIV/AIDS are not mentioned as a result of sexual activity, but condoms and birth control used are not mentioned. Abstinence –plus sex education teaches that adolescents should wait until marriage to have sex including information on methods of protection from STDs and HIV/AIDS. This approach advocates abstinence and also focused on contraceptive options and gives information regarding pregnancy as well as STDs and HIV/AIDS prevention. Comprehensive sex education explained the consequences of decision making including information on types of sexually transmitted diseases, how to prevent pregnancy, abortion and masturbation (Jennifer, 2010).

Esu, (2011) explained that various aspects of sex education programs are considered appropriate and inappropriate in schools, internet or media depending on the age of the learners or what the students can comprehend at a particular point in time.  Gruenberg, (2012) stated that it is generally accepted that some kind of planned sex education is necessary and sometimes formal sex education is taught as a full course as part of the curriculum in junior and senior secondary schools. It is incorporated into subjects like biology, physical and health education, home –economic. Kontula, (2013) suggested that sex education can be taught informally such as when someone receives information from a conversation with parent, friend, religious leader, media, self-help authors, magazine, internet or website. Enang, (2016) opined that sex education should commence at age 3-4 years and both parents should be involved in handling the sexuality education of their sons and daughters. Esu,(2011) see sex education as a topic which most people would not like to talk about and Nigerian parents’ attitude to sex education is that the child would grow to know. Many homes consider discussion of sexual issues as a taboo. In view of these, most parents find it too difficult, awkward and uncomfortable to discuss sex related issues with their children. According to Nnachi, (2013) traditionally, sex education is not a subject of pen discussion in Nigeria like several African nations. Besides, the girls are untrained in making decision regarding sexuality, they are not empowered socially to refuse sex especially from the older male. However, information through social media are mostly uncensored, it is no doubt therefore that ill-informed adolescents especially in the areas of procreativity could be inimical to sustaining development goals.

Arit,(2009) was of the view that media today has a huge influenced on adolescents, be it television, computers, videogames, social networking sites, it hugely impact on all aspects of an adolescents’ life, but all is not bad with the media, If used right media can change lives for good. The positive impact of social media on adolescents including helping them to develop awareness, develop productive social and tune motor skills, inspire them, develop reading and writing skills, according to Fayehun,(2006). Social media are website use for social interaction, sharing of ideas and information, building of virtual networks, bookmarking, messaging or texting, blogging, micro-blogging, to creates, organised, edit and comment on contents of interest with corresponding responses from other people or grouped. various platforms of social media and networkingsites are Facebook,linkediln,twitter,Instagram,flickr,youtube,watsap,Bebo,myspace,DiggReddit,tumblr,google,Badoo,snapchat,skype,pinterest,viber,etc.By design, social media is internet based and offers users easy electronic communication of personal information and contents including videos or photos, file transfer, protocol, database access, (Sheila, 2012).  Internet and social media platforms might also have negative health consequences due to false believe of privacy leading to more risky behaviours, according to Stockwell, (2014).

Asogwa,(2016) explained that social media is associated with many benefits for adolescent health and development, most adolescents use online networks  to extend friendship they already have from other areas of their lives such as school, religious organisation, sports and  other local activities. It provides network for adolescents to experience connectedness, learn from each other experience, supportive environment to explore romance, friendships and social status. It also provides an opportunity to share and discuss their taste in music, knowledge of movies, online videos and find support.

Johnson, (2011) was of the view that social media today has become a leading sex educator to children and adolescents in many countries of the world. Media like television exposes children to adult sexual behaviours in ways that portray these actions as normal and risk free, sending the message  that because these behaviours are frequent, everybody does it, and because sex between unmarried partners is shown more often than sex between spouses, while sexually transmitted infections and unwanted pregnancy are rarely mentioned . Adolescents rank media as the leading sources of information about sex as the second to school sex education  programs, as detailed guided to responsible sexual contents on television, film, music, pornography, blue-movies, etc. can be found also on adolescents reviewed publications. Some researchers believe that the media can influence sexual responsibility by promoting the use of condoms, contraceptive pills, abortion, etc.

Forhan, (2013) defined adolescents as individuals whose transitional phase of growth and developmental occur between childhood and adulthood. It is a period associated with sexual discovery exploration and risk taking. The World Health Organisation, (WHO, 2012) defined adolescents as any person between age 10 and 20. It refers to boys and girls whose age range falls between 12 and 22 according to Enang, (2016). Dorn,(2016) defined adolescents biologically as a person whose physical transition is marked by the onset of puberty and the termination of physical growth, cognitively as changes in the ability to think abstractly and multidimensional as a period of preparation for adult  roles. Adolescents’ sexuality is a stage of human development in which adolescents experience and explore sexual feeling, interest in sexuality intensifies during the onset  of puberty and sexuality is often a vital aspect of adolescent lives, human sexual interest are expressed in various ways, Including flirting, kissing, romance, masturbation arousal, sexual intercourse, etc. Okonta, (2011) posited that sexual interest can be influenced by cultural norms and values and risky sexual behaviour includes unwanted pregnancy, contracting of sexually transmitted infections, abortion, etc, which can be reduced with the use of condoms or other safe-sex practices. Thus, the purpose of this research is to determine the influence of social media on adolescents’ sexuality education among senior secondary school students in Uyo Local Government Area of Akwa-Ibom State.

 

1.2                           Statement of the Problem

      Sexuality communication is relatively absent in Nigeria or perhaps below expectation especially among the adolescents. It is expected that the highly educated parents would always be able to communicate adequately with their children on matters relating to sexuality. Ignorance of sex education and its associated problems is prevalent among secondary school students. The life of students are shattered with the passing of incorrect information among themselves, they get misled by others, especially through some contents and information on social media. Matthew,(2017). Today, the problems resulting from the lack of sex education to adolescents are numerous, there are various sexual disorders such as sex abuse, sex offences, sexual misconduct, sexual immorality sexual maladjustment, unwanted pregnancies, increase abortion, high incidence of sexually transmitted diseases (STD, HIV/AIDS) and high rate of sexual promiscuity, and unhealthy sexual life sexual harassment, lesbianism, homosexuality, masturbation, rape, sharing of pornographic images and pictures.  All these have led to poor school performance, deterioration of mental health, high rate of school drop outs, increase illiteracy and over-population. (Barak, 2010).

Collin,(2013) stated that teaching of sexuality education is very important in our society for both male and female  students, but the topic have not been viewed from the right perspective as it ought to be in school, cases of sexual experiment, pre-marital  sex, early marriage, unwanted pregnancy, abortion, distortion about sex from parents, elders, brothers and sisters are becoming so rampant among female and male students in secondary schools in the country and Uyo Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State is no exception. Therefore social media used by adolescents is on the increase with more and more students accessing Facebook, Myspace, twitter, you-tube, email and other social sites, However, social media has considerable potentials for its usage on both positive and negative influence, useful information on social media for sex education are also communicated to users. Hence, the researchers interest in embarking on this study in order to examine the influence of social media on sex education among secondary school adolescent students in Uyo Local Government of Area of Akwa Ibom State.

 1.3 Purpose of the Study

The main purpose of this study is to examine the influence of social media on sex education among secondary school adolescent students in Uyo Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State. Therefore the specific objectives were as follows:

  • To investigate the positive influence of social media on sex education among secondary adolescent students in public schools within Uyo Metropolis.
  • To examine the negative influence of social media on sex education among secondary adolescent students.
  • To ascertain the influence of sex education on adolescents’ sexual life.

1.4       Research Questions

To actualize the purpose of the study, the researcher formulated the following questions:

  • What are the positive influences of social media on sex education among secondary adolescent students in public schools within Uyo Metropolis?
  • What are the negative influences of social media on sex education among secondary adolescent students
  • What are the influences of sex education on adolescents’ sexual life?

1.5               Research Hypotheses

 HO1: There is no significant positive influence of social media on

sex education among  secondary adolescent students

in public schools within Uyo Metropolis.

HO2: There is no significant negative influence of social media on

sex education among  secondary  adolescent students.

HO3: There is no significant influence of sex education on adolescents’ sexual life.

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