CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1   Background of the study Sex education is enlightenment on issues to human sexuality which includes emotional relations and responsibilities, human sexual anatomy, sexual activity, sexual reproduction, reproductive health, reproductive rights, safe sex, birth control ad sexual abstinence. According to the English Dictionary, unprotected sex is an act of sexual intercourse or sodomy […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND OF STUDY Cervical cancer is the most common malignancies among females worldwide especially in women of 20–39 years of age. Its contribution to cancer burden is significant across all cultures and economies. Cervical cancer also accounts for over 270,000 deaths worldwide, an overwhelming majority of which occur in the less developed […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1   BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY Ever since Emperor Otto Von Bismarck of Germany enacted the mandatory legislation on the “sickness funds” for working Germans in 1883, different models of health insurance have continued to evolve worldwide albeit with the same general insurance principles. In the developed world, insurance in one form or […]

CHAPTER ONE 1.1   INTRODUCTION Infection is one of the most important problems in health care services worldwide.  It constitutes one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality associated with clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic procedures.1,2 Health care workers (HCWs) are at a high risk of needle stick injuries and blood-borne pathogens as they perform their […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1   BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Pregnancy is the common name for gestation in humans. It is the development of one or    more offspring, known as an embryo or fetus in the uterus (Wikipedia 2009). Pregnancy usually lasts for about nine (9) months in human beings. At this stage the embryo is […]

ndicate that the following are associated with divorce: 1.     Low socio-economic status. 2.     Pair divorce 3.     Early age of marriage 4.     Certain kinds of cross-clan marriage 5.     Premarital pregnancy 6.     Being raised up in broken homes However, divorce is a grave social-misdemeanor, agonizing, suspect and against the moral grain […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION   1.0    BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY There are many notions of what the role of a social worker should be; we identify the more prevalent of them.  They are not presented in terms of any historical or chronological continuity but – to assist this brief analysis – almost as ideal type Francozo […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Background of the Study Alcohol is a psychoactive drug that has a depressant effect.  People have been brewing and fermenting alcoholic drinks since the dawn of civilization.  Consumed in moderate amount, alcoholic beverages are relaxing and in some cases may even have beneficial effects in heart, health, consumed in excess alcohol is […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY The Oxford Advanced Learners’ Dictionary of Current English defines “Contraceptives as a drug, device of practice used to prevent a woman becoming pregnant.” This definition though well embracing but does not include its utilization as a preventive measure against the spread of sexually transmitted diseases; such as AIDS/HIV.  […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1   Background of the Study Cysticercosis remains as important health problem in developing countries. Its transmission is related to soil contamination with human faces. This parasitosis is found in African, Asian and Latin America, where the greatest incidences are seen in mexico and brazil. Human cysticercosis is acquired from the ingestion of […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Background of the Study Over the world, family planning and contraception is among the pertinent issues been discussed. In the early days, human societies had creation of as many children as possible, a central value. Today however, relatively few societies can afford this perspective, resulting in increased attempts to limit and manage […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Background to the Study Adewale, Umoh, Iwere and Gbadegesin, (2005) opined that attitude and practice towards modern family planning have attracted much attention in recent times. This is due to increase in unwanted or unplanned pregnancies, induced or criminal abortion, maternal mortality, sexually transmitted diseases, human immune-deficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immune-deficiency […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.0   BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY All over the world statement, thinkers and demographers have been concerned with the rapid growth of population rate in the last four decades. A current rate of growth. The world population as at 21 May, 2010; the human population of the world is estimated by the United […]

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to evaluate the knowledge and attitude of nurses to information technology on nursing care delivery in Enugu. This write up studied knowledge of computer facilities, the level of knowledge of these computer facilities, whether the mentioned computer facilities are used in various places where they work. The relevance […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Background to the Study Psychoactive Substance use and dependence cause a significant burden to the individuals and societies throughout the world. The World Health Report (2010) indicated that 8.9% of the total burden of disease comes from the use of psychoactive substances. The report showed that tobacco accounted for 4.1%, alcohol 4%, and illicit drugs […]

ABSTRACT This study investigated the job satisfaction of professional nurses in public and private health sectors in Anambra State. A survey design was employed and a study population of 5903 comprising all professional nurses in private and public hospitals was used. Proportionate stratified random sampling technique was used in selecting a sample of 375 nurses […]

ABSTRACT This study assessed the conflict management skills of Nurse Tutors in Enugu State Basic School of Nursing. Conflict abounds in Basic Schools of Nursing which has a lot of consequences like strained relationships, collapse agreement, poor academic performances and so on. It becomes necessary to assess especially in these institutions where conflicts abounds whether […]

ABSTRACT This study was on coping strategies of clients with fertility challenges attending Obstetric and Gynaecological clinic of University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital. The objectives of the study were to ascertain the use of escape/avoidance coping strategy by couples with fertility challenges, determine the use of self controlling coping strategy by couples with fertility challenges, […]

ABSTRACT The purpose of the study was to examine demographic and socio-economic factors influencing utilization of Maternal Health Services in selected rural communities in Igbo-Etiti Local Government Area in Enugu State, Nigeria. The study addressed three objectives and tested two hypotheses. A cross sectional descriptive survey design was used. The study population comprised of 5090 […]

ABSTRACT The economic burden of cancer and the stress of payment require that, health care providers provide quality cost-effective care that will shorten the stay of patients in the hospital and reduce the frequency of visit to health facilities. This study investigated the economic burden of cancer patients and payment coping mechanism in Jos University […]

ABSTRACT Nigeria has the highest number of diabetics in Sub-Saharan Africa. As a chronic illness, diabetes mellitus (DM) places serious constraints on the people living with diabetes mellitus. The short-term and long-term complications affecting the physical, psychological and social functioning of diabetics can impinge on their health-related quality of life (HRQOL). This study assessed and […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Background to the Study Health system are designed to improve the standard of health care of the population. Improved funding and management of health systems lead to social stability. Population’s coverage is a clear indicator of the performance of the health system. The policy of National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) aims at […]

ABSTRACT With the global trend towards an increasing aging population, there is a corresponding increase in the health problems associated with elderly population especially in developing Countries including Nigeria. With this increase in the growth of the aging population, the number of people that will need health care will undoubtedly increase, which motivated this study. […]

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to examine the maternal health care seeking behaviour and pregnancy outcome of pregnant women in two rural communities in Enugu State. The objectives of study were to: (i) determine the gestational age at which pregnant women book for Antenatal Care(ANC) in Udi and Abiacommunities, (ii) determine how often […]

ABSTRACT Delegation of responsibilities is the organized process that permits the transfer of responsibilities and authority form an executive to the subordinates. This study investigated nurses’ perception of their nurse managers’ delegation of responsibilities in four purposively selected tertiary health institutions in Enugu state, Nigeria: University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu State University of […]

ABSTRACT This study is aimed at assessing the nursing students’ perceptions of clinical nursing training in selected nursing programmes in Enugu State. Five specific objectives and two null hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. Descriptive cross-section design was adopted. Purposive sampling technique was used to select the nursing programmes and the class level of […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1       Background of the Study Child nutrition plays a key role in infant and child health or death. Young children, pregnant women and lactating mothers are nutritionally the most vulnerable group, especially in the developing countries of the world, and yet relatively little is done to achieve their special nutritional needs. (Oyira, […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Background to the Study Nursing is a practice based profession with clinical education as an essential part of the nursing curriculum. Clinical practice is the focus for students learning and clinical placement/ posting constitutes one of the most integral components in the nursing education. Clinical placement is the venue where skills, knowledge […]

ABSTRACT The study was designed to determine prevalence and patterns of Psychoactive Substance use among Senior Secondary School Students in Dala Local Government Area (LGA), Kano State Nigeria. The study adopted a cross sectional descriptive survey design. Simple random sampling procedure was used to select two Secondary Schools out of the ten Government Senior Secondary […]

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to review the attitude of nursing students towards people with disabilities in the western world and compare this with the pilot study from Africa for possibility of cultural differences and demographical variables. A systematic review of the previous studies were observed .The pilot study was conducted with 100 […]

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to investigate the knowledge, perceptions, and attitudes of male adolescents towards HIV/AIDS in order to institute meaningful preventive measures for the control of HIV/AIDS in Elembelle community. The study employed Qualitative research approach to address HIV/AIDS prevention among male adolescents. Six male adolescents from six different villages in […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1   BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY In urban areas of Africa, Americas and Asia, statistics show that the poorest 20% population is twice as likely to die before their first birthday (Infant mortality, WHO, 2013). In 2013, an estimated 6.3 million children under the age of five died (Children: Reducing Mortality, 2014).  Child […]

ABSTRACT Malaria continues to be a greater cause of morbidity and mortality in Ghana. The government of Ghana and other donor agencies are making tremendous efforts to prevent and control the disease. In spite of these efforts by the government, malaria has not yet been defeated in its bastion. The aim of the study was […]

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to find out teenagers’ views concerning the causes and prevention of teenage pregnancy in Nguluni located in Kenya. The aim was to get important information that can be used by partners and stakeholders who have a role in reducing teenage pregnancy. This study was qualitative through participation of […]

ABSTRACT Kenya has a population of approximately 44 million people. Health services are provided through a network of over 4,700 health facilities countrywide, with the public sector ac-counting for about 51% of these facilities. The best quality of care is found at the national referral hospitals, which provide diagnostic, therapeutic and rehabilitative services. Kenya spent […]

ABSTRACT Old age is inevitable for everyone in the society. The world elderly population has increased tremendously and special measures are taken to secure their well being. One of the vital steps towards securing elderly health is through participation in exercise. The purpose of this quantitative research was to explore ways in which exercise functions […]

ABSTRACT The purpose of this project was to study the experiences of domestic violence victimized women in Kenya and understand their encounters in the abusive relationships. The aim is to acquire knowledge on the prevalence and the pre-disposing factors of domestic violence in order to help in the planning and implementation of mitigation programs. This […]

ABSTRACT The purpose of the study was to review the relevant literature of sanitation and hygiene regarding women in poor urban centres and explore ways on empowering women on sanitation and hygiene. The aim of the study was to describe the typical concerns for women regarding sanitation and hygiene in Kibera as well as providing […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Mental health promotion is frequently overlooked as an integral part of health promotion since its one of the most complex and demanding areas of nursing in developing countries. At least one in three people is thought to suffer some form of mental health problem. (Jenkins ym 2011.) Among most people, mental illness […]

ABSTRACT Most adolescent find it difficulties to access and use contraceptives due to their cultural and religious believes, family norms and environment where they belong. Hence it affects the attitudes and knowledge of contraceptives. (WHO 2004. 8). The aim of this project is to share adolescents experiences about sexuality and contraceptives from a cultural perspective. […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1   Background of the Study Malnutrition is estimated to contribute to more than one third of all child deaths, although it is rarely listed as the direct cause. Childhood malnutrition is a serious challenge in Sub-Saharan Africa and a major underlying cause of death. It is a result of dynamic and complex […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1   BACKGROUND OF STUDY Pregnancy as a physiologic state is expected to lead to a process of delivery within thirty six weeks (36) of gestation in a normal delivery but due to the different reasons such as variation in human body, sizes, races, external factors e.t.c, it can be a very unpleasant […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the Study  The trend of acceptability and the rate of cesarean delivery have been on the increase in the developed countries in the last three decades due to the current safety of the procedure (Sunday-Adeoye and Kalu 2011), conversely, in the developing countries, the change in cesarean delivery rate […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) also referred to as sexually transmitted infections(STIs) and Venereal Disease (VD) are illness that have a significant probability of transmission between humans by means of human sexual behavior, including vaginal intercourse, oral sex and anal sex. The sexually transmitted diseases are groups of communicable […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1     Background of the Study Tuberculosis is an air-borne infectious disease caused by bacteria of the genus Mycobacterium. Tuberculosis often called TB primarily affects the lungs causing what is referred to as pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). It can also affect other parts of the body apart from the lungs leading to what […]

ABSTRACT This study investigated the knowledge and practice of food hygiene among food vendors in Public Primary Schools in Nsukka Education Zone. Descriptive survey research design was adopted for the study. The population comprised teachers and food vendors from selected public primary schools. The sample size for the study was 548 respondents. Structured interview schedule […]

ABSTRACT HIV and AIDS Human Immuno Deficiency virus and Acquired Immuno deficiency syndrome respectively is one of the most devastating worldwide public health problem in recent history. The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimated that in 2006, 942,000 people in the United States had been diagnosed with Aids since the disease […]

ABSTRACT Immunization remains one of the most important public health interventions and a cost-effective strategy to reduce both the morbidity and mortality associated with infectious diseases. Over two million deaths are delayed through immunization each year worldwide. This present study aimed to assess the knowledge and attitude of mothers attending antenatal clinic in Madonna University […]

ABSTRACT Tuberculosis is a problem of global importance among communicable diseases. It is second leading disease causing death worldwide killing nearly 2 million people each year in Nigeria. Non-compliance of patients on tuberculosis treatment in an irregular and unreliable way has greatly caused risk of treatment failure, relapse and the development of drug-resistance tuberculosis strains. There […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1   Background to the Study Nosocomial infection also known as Hospital Acquired Infections (HAI) is a localized or systemic infection acquired in a hospital or any other health care facility by a patient admitted for a reason other than the pathology present during admission. It may also include an infection acquired in a […]

ABSTRACT The problem of every hospital when the targeted objective is not achieved is that there is something wring either with health care givers, the patients or the general public. In order to improve the standard of health of the patients and keep them progressively fit. The reason why such lapse are present here to […]

CHAPTER ONE 1.1   INTRODUCTION In statistical analysis and inference statistics is playing an important role nearly in all phases of human life. Formally dealing only with affair of the state and this account for its name statistics. The influence of statistics is now spread to manufacturing companies, agricultural sectors, bank, business communication, economic, education, political […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1   Background of the Study Psychiatric illness has fascinated and confounded healers, scientist and philosopher for centuries, it symptoms have been attributed to possession by demons considered to be punishment by the gods for the evil done or accepted as evidence of the inhumanity of its sufferers victims. Thus explanation resulted in […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION A virus is a small infectious agent having a simple acellular organization with a nucleic acid and aprotein coat.It lacks independent metabolism and replicate only within living hosts. A virus invades living cells and uses its chemical machinery to keep itself alive and replicate in the host. It may reproduce with fidelity […]

ABSTRACT Cancer of the cervix remains the most common malignant neoplasm of the female genitalia and the second most common cancer in women.. Cervical Cancers screening serves to detect the possibility that a cancer is present. The main objective of the study was to determine the knowledge and acceptability of Cervicals Cancer Screening among Female […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1     Background of the Study Work is an essential need for everyone. It is estimated that over 75% of adult’s nonsleeping time is devoted to job activities and people find satisfaction and personal identity by means of their employment. Among life events the workplace stands out as a potentially important source […]

ABSTRACT The study was conducted to ascertain the knowledge and perception of hypertension and its management among patients in Owerri senatorial zone of Imo state, Nigeria. Eight specific objectives were formulated with eight corresponding research questions and four null-hypotheses were also postulated to guide the study. The descriptive survey research design was used for the […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1   Background to the Study Health related infections are the major problems of public health in many nations of the world, which ultimately cause an increase in the morbidity, mortality, and additional costs in health care settings (Mauldin et al 2010; Defez et al, 2008 and Llata et al, 2009). Ensuring hand […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1   Background of the Study Sickle cell disease affects approximately 100,000 Americans and has been established to affects about 1 out of every 365 Blacks or African-American birth, about 1 in 13 Black or African-American babies is born with sickle cell trait (SCT) (WHO, 2014). Sickle cell disease is a genetic blood […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1     Background of Study Lassa fever is one of the diseases for which weekly epidemiological reporting to the health authorities is being done in Nigeria. A rapidly changing epidemiological pattern had been reported over the years (Ogbu, Ajuluchukwu and Uneke, 2007). It causes mortality and morbidity where outbreaks occur worldwide including Nigeria […]

ABSTRACT Unwanted pregnancy followed by unsafe abortion can be avoided by using different contraceptive methods. The purpose of this study was to investigate the accessibility, use, misuse and effects of combined oral contraceptives among women of child bearing age. To effectively investigate this, the health belief model was adopted. A total of 250 respondents were […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1     Background of the Study The government of Nigeria is much concerned with the global agenda of achieving education for all. The academic performance of students has become a great concern to stakeholders of education. This has led the government to formulate and implement policies to improve academic performance. In Nigeria, the […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1     Background to the Study Family planning is one of the most ―health-promoting‖ and cost-effective activities in public health promotion and has the potential to avert approximately 30% of maternal and 10% of child deaths.1 Thus, FP contributes to achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) through healthier birth spacing and by reducing […]

ABSTRACT The study intended to assess the attitudes of women towards utilization of  modern contraceptive  in Nigeria. Lagos state was used as a case study. In specific, the study determined the trend of modern contraceptive use for women in the past ten years (from 2004/2005 to 2013/2014); women’s preference to modern  contraceptive methods. A cross-sectional […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1  BACKGROUND OF STUDY Maternal mortality represents the leading cause of death among the pregnant women in most developing countries including Nigeria (Mekonnen and Mekonnen, 2003; WHO, 2007). Furthermore, it is estimated that one third of all maternal deaths globally occur in just two countries, namely India and Nigeria (Mboho et al […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1     Background to the Study Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) has a devastating effects and is currently a complication of pregnancy worldwide with more than 700,000 children infected annually. Mother–To–Child Transmission (MTCT) of the virus is responsible for more than 90% of these cases in children under 15 years (United […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Background to the Study Transportation is a basic and indispensable component of all human endeavour, and has strong influence on the interrelations that exist when people with common interests live together. It plays a major function in the continued existence of urban communities by forming the basis for interaction, vocation, leisure and […]

CHAPTER ONE  INTRODUCTION 1.0 Background to the Study Healthcare waste threatens the public health due to its contagious nature. Most healthcare facilities are located in the heart of the cities and therefore, healthcare waste that are not correctly managed can cause dangerous infection and pose potential threat to the nearby environment, health workers, patients and […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.0 Background to the Study Hypertension is the most common non-communicable disease and the leading cause of cardiovascular disease in the world. Many people with hypertension are unaware of their condition making treatment infrequent and inadequate, which is responsible for it poor control and not always taken seriously (Neutel & Campbell, 2008). […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the Study Infection control is an aspect of healthcare delivery that deals with the curtailment of the spread of infection within the healthcare set-up, be it from patient-to-patient, patient-to-staff, staff-to-patients or staff to staff. According to World Health Organisation (WHO, 2011) the components of infection prevention and control are […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the Study  The difference between food intake and utilization determines the nutritional status of the individual. Change in food consumption and the biological utilization will directly or indirectly reflect in the nutritional status. The nutritional status can be normal, under nutrition or over nutrition. The under and over nutrition […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Background to the study Health systems in both developed and developing countries are under pressure to improve service delivery in an ever increasing population with limited or reduced resources [Namgada 2008]. This is due to increased burden of diseases, desire to receive best quality care, advanced technology in health care, awareness of […]

ABSTRACT This study assessed patients’ attitude towards the use of radiology changing rooms and changing facilities. It was a survey research conducted in 2012 at the x-ray departments of University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH), National Orthopaedic Hospital (NOHE) and Niger Fondation Hospital (NFH), all in Enugu. Four research questions of atleast three items each […]

Abstract Patients’ consent to being part of the education of Medical Radiography is often taken for granted hence formal consent is not always sought during teaching and patients are sometimes not aware that they are going to be used for teaching activities. Some students of Radiography are not even aware of patients’ right to privacy […]

CHAPTER ONE 1.0    INTRODUCTION The Internet and wireless telephones are emerging features in the communication and information environment in nearly every developing country (Digital opportunity Initiative, 2001). In the past two decades, radio and televisions became very prevalent and played significant roles in reproductive health. Now information Communication Technology represents the next significant wave of […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the Study The quality of care received during pregnancy and the place of delivery are great determinants of maternal and child morbidity and mortality. Improving and sustaining the quality of care in healthcare institutions has been an area of concerns and recurrent issue over the year. The client’s expression […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the Study New born children in many African households, especially in Nigeria receive less commitment of being exclusively breastfed by their mothers. A news report stated mothers have many reasons why they do not exclusively breastfeed; one of such is twin births, myths such as fear for loss of […]

CHAPTER ONE  INTRODUCTION  1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Infection-related diseases are still the main cause of death in Nigeria, according to the 2013 health profile acquired by the World Health Organisation (WHO, 2013) statistics. The burden of disease in Nigeria  includes HIV, TB, Malaria, other infectious diseases and respiratory infections. Expansion of the infection prevention […]

CHAPTER ONE  INTRODUCTION This chapter  reviews in brief, Health Care Associated Infections (HAI), elements required for transmission of infectious agent within a health care setting (chain of infection, sources of infection, susceptible host, mode of transmission, portal of entry and portal of exit), HAI among health-care workers, Universal Precautions (UP), Body Substances Isolation (BSI) and […]

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of exclusive breastfeeding in the development of children under-five in Benue State, Nigeria. To achieve this purpose, 10 hospitals were randomly selected using multi-stage sampling technique (simple random, stratified, and purposive sampling techniques). The data was collected using close-ended questionnaire. 500 questionnaires were distributed […]

ABSTRACT This study was carried out on coping mechanism among clients living with sickle cell diseases at Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Idi-Arabs, Lagos. Data for this study were obtained from both primary and secondary source. The primary source includes a structured questionnaire; a total of 105 copies of questionnaires were distributed randomly to people living […]

ABSTRACT This study investigated the assessment of knowledge and attitude of people regarding the Covid-19 vaccine in the Iwaya district In Lagos state. The study employed a survey method. The total population of the study was 133 people, collected from the different departments in the school. This study employed a simple random sampling method to […]

ABSTRACT This study examined the prevalence of fungal infection among pregnant women attending Wushishi General Hospital. The study covered pregnant women who attend the unit of obstetrics and gynecology during the period of March – June 2021. This study adopted a descriptive –cross-sectional research design. The study included pregnant women who presented with self-reported symptoms […]