1.1 Background of study   Man has intuitively expressed a desire to express himself in things concerning his general wellbeing and the development of the society in which he finds himself since the beginning of time. Although, as societies grow, this innermost yearning has more often been faced with oppressive tendencies in the shape of harsh […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1  BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY The significance of contact cannot be overstated. Communication has always been a central and essential aspect of human life. Humans cannot live without contact and it is the only way for thoughts and information to be transmitted on from one generation to the next. According to Baran (2014), […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1      Background of the study Evangelists have not looked back since the establishment of the Christian commission, and they have employed many tactics to guarantee that the “Good News” reaches every man on the planet. The mainstream media, particularly radio, television, and, more recently, the Internet, have shown to be effective in carrying […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1       BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY The issue of breast cancer among women cannot be over-emphasized nor can it be overstated in the world today. Particularly, there are reports that breast cancer is the major cause of death among women globally (Schliemann, Htay, Dahlui, Paramasivam, Christopher, Cardwell, Tamin, Somasundaram, Donnelly, Su, and Donnelly, 2020). […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background Of The Study According to Kefas (2009), journalism education is a system of education that facilitates the training of contributors to newspapers, magazines, radio, and television, as well as editors of literature for mass audiences. Journalism education, unlike much university activity, is non-experimental, with its curriculum influenced heavily by a […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1  BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Television (TV) is derived from the Greek (tele), which means “far away,” and the Latin visio, which means “vision.” It’s a form of communication that’s mostly used to send moving (color) pictures to viewers. Television has been a popular household item, despite the fact that the invention has […]

CHAPTER ONE   INTRODUCTION   1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Democracy is widely regarded as the world’s most popular form of government. It is widely regarded as a government of the people, for the people, and by the people. Democracy as an ideology, according to Obasanjo and Mabgunje (1992), cited in Ogah and Ogeyni (2014), is […]

CHAPTER ONE   INTRODUCTION   1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STDUY Even during the dark days of ruthless military dictatorship in Nigeria, the media (print and electronic), particularly privately owned media, has always been powerful vehicles of awareness and mobilization of people towards democracy (Ajayi P. M, 2007). However, government intimidation and harassment, logistics, limited resources, […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study A newly emerging coronavirus, SARS‐CoV‐2 (previously known as 2019‐nCoV) which can cause coronavirus disease (COVID‐19), a severe respiratory illness like SARS and MERS, was first reported in Wuhan, China at the end of 2019. The World Health Organization (WHO) initially declared the COVID‐19 outbreak a Public Health […]

CHAPTER ONE   INTRODUCTION   1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Technological advancements, globalization of competition, the increasing importance of information, increasingly competitive environments, and changes in consumer demographic characteristics (e.g., an increase in the number of employed women, changes in family structure) have all contributed to significant changes in marketing and advertising. Classic advertising becomes […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study The most common form of leisure activity around the world is still watching television (an average of 2.8 hours per day according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2021). Clearly, there is a wide range of interpretations on what constitutes heavy viewing, and the addictive quality is […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background Of The Study Historically, there has been an increasing rate of banditry attacks by Fulani herders in farming regions, evolving from a community conflict into deadly paramilitary groups (Claire, 2021). Banditry, according to Adegoke (2019), has become an enticing source of income in Nigeria, where weak governance, unemployment, poverty, and inequality […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1  Background of the study The telecommunications (telecom) market is a part of the information and communication technology industry. The market is primarily engaged in operating and providing access to facilities for the transmission of voice, data, text and video (Businesswire, 2016). Telecommunication is the transmission of information by various types of technologies over wires, radio, optical or other electromagnetic systems (ITU 2015). […]

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study “Rural” means open land and tiny settlements in general, although “rural areas” are typically taken for granted or left undefined in policy-oriented and scientific literature, in a process of description that is sometimes laden with complications (IFAD, 2010). Finally, the rural is characterized as the inverse or residue […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study Understanding communication in health care practices, especially in relation to doctor/nurse-patient communications, can contribute to patient engagement and perceptions of quality of care. In doctor/nurse-patient interaction, both doctors and nurses bring their individual knowledge, attitudes, feelings, experiences, and patterns of behavior to the relationship. These individual-based behavioral patterns and perceptions […]

ABSTRACT The deterioration of the moral life of children who grow into youthful age and then into adulthood in the face of immoralities has become an issue which needs urgent action in today’s Nigerian society. This can be attributed to a lot of reasons but the mass media with us Persuasive messages cannot be exonerated. […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Background of the study Over the years, the Nigeria Television Authority (NTA) has been performing critically well in the area of information dissemination, educating the populace and playing advocacy roles most especially in critical moments and events (Effiong, Nseobot, Johnny, Frank, Abere, Essien, &Ukpong, 2020). The outbreak of the world’s pandemic disease […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the Study Experts in the nation‘s media and marketing communication industries at a forum organized by the Advertising Agencies‘ Association of Nigeria, (AAAN), in 2010 in Lagos, raised alarm on the future of newspaper in Nigeria. Majority of the participants concluded that unless the print media braced up to […]

  CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the Study Communication media are on the move, constantly evolving, and changing the world we live in. Their diversity and impacts have ushered in the contemporary information societies where the exchange of information remains the dominant economic activity and source of power. Consequently, individuals, interest groups and even […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the Study Free access to relevant information is central to effective journalism practice globally. Information is to journalism what raw products are to manufacturers. Journalists need information from the society to enable them refine it and return same to the society with the ultimate aim of making the society […]

ABSTRACT The study sought to determine the effect of internal control system on financial performance of manufacturing firms in Tuyil pharmaceutical ltd. To achieve the objective of this study, the study used hypothesis testing research design. The study tested the following hypotheses: H1: Internal Controls and Financial Performance are positively related; H2: Internal Controls have a significant […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1      BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Communication as known everywhere has developed over a number of centuries. The sophisticated and complexity which characterized human communication in the modern world are the result of a very long and sustained effort by human beings to improve on one of the most fundamental aspects of their existence. […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY  Digital television transition is the technological evolution and advance from analogue terrestrial television, which broadcasts land based (terrestrial) signals. The purpose of digital terrestrial television, similar to digital versus analogue in other platforms such as cable, satellite, telecoms, is characterized by reduced use of spectrum and more […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Nigerian youths have formed part of the global followers of the British premier league matches   The national media’s specialty at covering and broadcasting the league has been unprecedented. The passion, zeal, accuracy, and dexterity with which presenters of football matches broadcast and run commentary of the premiership and […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1    Background to the Study The Press is the moulder of the society. Although this fact has been   lashed with numerous criticisms, we cannot deny the fact that the press shapes the society. Most journalists are aware of this, so they determine, even to the extent of sacrificing their lives, to give […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION The Freedom of Information Bill (FOI) is a bill that, if passed into law, will give every Nigerian access to information, records and documents held by government bodies and private bodies carrying out public functions. It applies to all arms of government: the Executive, Legislature and Judiciary as well as to all […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1   BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY It is a known fact that the greatest heritage of a nation remains the creativity of its citizens, and therefore one of the primary functions of law enforcement agents and other appropriate authorities is to protect the ingenuity, resourcefulness and innovation of the citizenry. However, Nigeria has […]

CHAPTER ONE 1.0   INTRODUCTION The role of the media, particularly, television in advancing national integration  is pivotal. Television has become a very important and an effective medium of mass communication since its invention. Its synchronous transmission of audio and visual signals enables it to excert enormous influence on the society, thus, commanding credibility and attention […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1   Background to the Study According to Anil (2013:28) “Advertising via mobile devices or mobile advertisement is defined as the usage of interactive wireless media (such as cellular phones and pages, cordless telephones, personal digital assistance, two-way radios, baby crib monitors, wireless networking systems, GPS- based locators and maps) to transmit advertising […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1    BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Basically, communication touch every sphere of human activity, it informs or better still disseminate information/message to target audience. One of the peculiarities of the human race is communication among the members of the society. Communication is an essential attribute of human behaviour . In deed, communication is […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION   1.1   BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY The apprehensions of media communication, as well as evidence for its effects, are as old as the history of the subject itself. People have always wondered how media messages are affecting them by bringing about an imperceptible change in their culture, values and behavioural patterns. They […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1   BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY This study is on the effect of violence television programmes on Nigerian Youths using Osun State Polytechnic, Iree Students as a case study. The term culture has been defined differently by different people. The different definitions attached to culture are based on the differences in the orientation […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1   BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Political advertising has become part of the political culture of most democracies and Nigeria as a democratic nation is not left out.  Political advertising is one of the specialised areas of human communication and business.  More specifically, it is an aspect of social advertising, which is part of social […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1   Background to the study Olalenkan (2003) posited Development in today’s world has made the business of governance very complicated and filled with great challenges for people seeking political powers. Attempts to meet the challenges effectively led to the birth of political public relation and it is virtually impossible to practice it […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the Study The most important change that has taken place in the sport industry is the significant role the media is playing in the development of sports all over the world. Apart from the fact that the media has increased sports awareness and spectatorship among peoples of the world, […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1     BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY  The impact of radio and television campaign on cultism in Nigerian cannot be undermined. Instead, it has gotten enough recognition in our society and beyond, because the extent at which campus cultism is increasing in Nigeria. Tertiary institution of learning is alarming and year always grip the heart […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1    Background to the Study Election is a period of transition of government from one person to another. The mandate of leadership is gotten from the majority votes from election exercise. The voters are regarded as the most important parties to election. This can be seen from the system of democracy which […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1      BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Viewed from legal prism and pinnacle, libel in general represents written and recorded firm in a firm or less permanent nature like photography, cartoon, statue, picture, caricature, moving cinematography, television, pictures or images, documentary, etc designed to expose an individual to hatred, ridicule or contempt, cause him to […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY This research work studies the mass media’s contributions to the political values of openness and democratic accountability that go by the name of ‘transparency’. In fact, the metaphor of transparency encompasses three separate political virtues, which often work together but are analytically distinct. The first kind of transparency […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1  Background of the Study Radio is an essential mass medium that virtually every member of the society benefits from. Kuewumi (2009) asserts that Radio has radicalized the face of human communication and ultimately become a fixed point in the daily lives of humans whereby people are informed, taught, nurtured and reformed by […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.0   Background of the Study In modern day government arrangement especially in democratic politics such as India, the United States of America, South Africa, Nigeria,   Australia, among others, there exist three arms of government namely the executive, the legislature and the judiciary with the media being the fourth as it […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1   Background of the Study For many non-commercial organizations, public relations, whether to recruit volunteers, publicize an event, or commemorate organizational milestones, is a scary, if not foreign, task. In most situations employees at non-commercial organizations know their programmes, the communities they serve, and are knowledgeable about the organization’s target social […]

CHAPTER ONE 1.0     INTRODUCTION Television as a mass medium of communication has become a very important and most effective medium of communication ever since it invention. It synchronous transmission of audio and visual signal enable it to exert enormous influence on the society there by making it more compelling and enable it to command great […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.0  Background to the Study Television (TV) is a telecommunication medium for transmitting and receiving moving Image that can be monochrome (black-and-white) or colored, with or without accompanying sound, “television” may also refer specifically to a television set, television programming or television transmission. Globally, the television world has initiated a transition of emphases […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1    BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY This research touches on the various aspects of radio programmes as instruments of national development. In other words, it explores into radio programmes as a mobilization agency during the political transition period. It is thus, an important assumption of the work that a systematic study of national […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1        BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Cocoa-cola is the world leading soft drink. It is sold in more than one hundred and forty-five countries. A total of two hundred and fifty million liquid content are consumed every day in all part of the world. It was first brought to Nigeria in 1953 when Nigeria […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION   1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY    Every profession has certain codes of conduct evolved by years of practice, to render it of the maximum use to the society, to promote its standard and to prevent its abuse. These codes of conduct are known as ethics (Daramola, 1999). The term ethics is derived […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1   BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY The history of African petroleum Plc date back to 1954 when the then British petroleum BP company Limited, brought up the assets of Atlantic refining company on the West African coast Ten years later (1964) that company was incorporated in Nigeria as British Petroleum of Nigeria Limited […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1   BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY In this part of the world, media ownership first began with the activities of colonial missionaries with the establishment of “lwe lrohin”, Henry Townsend had a platform with which he could communicate with the community.Thus began the advent of newspaper in Nigeria, in 1859. The other set […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1   BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY Graphic presentations have a powerful impact on a viewer’s attitude, and this impact cannot be created by text alone. In a newspaper context, the presence of a photograph will significantly alter the consumer’s attitude toward the framed issue. Graphic presentation is not just doing any drawing you […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION New communication technology, including accessible online publishing software and evolving mobile device technology, means that citizens have the potential to observe and report more immediately than traditional media outlets do. Swarms of amateur online journalists are putting this technology to use, on open publishing sites such as In the media and on […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1       BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY The main aim of this project is to discuss about the impact of the internet on journalism to the citizenry, is also going to deal with the effective performance of the internet- as a medium of disseminating and gathering of news. It is important as imperative to state […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study In the world today, it can be argued that any task or transaction that requires more than one person, can mostly be successfully completed, through effective communication. However, for communication to take place, it must be through channels, which can be visual, auditory, and electromagnetic or biochemical. The […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION   1.1    Background of the Study  The student of Osun State Polytechnic Iree, existence has continued to move from archaic ways of life to align with modern social media change introduced by technology. This technology popularly known as Information and Communication Technology (ICT) continue to transform every fact of student life and concur to […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1     BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY  The National Broadcasting Commission (NBC) is the new body empowered to oversee and regulate the operations of broadcasting in Nigeria consequent upon Decree N0. 55 of 1995 which subsequently became an act of the National Assembly.   To be specific, the NBC is legally and constitutionally […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1.    Background of the study The term ‘broadcast media’ is quite often mentioned these days. It is a new phenomenon and one would probably imagine that everyone knows or understands what it means. Nearly ninety percent (if not more) of all online or internet users use broadcast media in one way or the […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1   BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY The advent of foreign music like the hiphop, Reggae, Rock & Roll, R & B, rap, jazz etc in Nigeria has been a welcome phenomenon, while some people believe it has created a massive and unappealing change in the life of the youths, insisting it’s slowly but […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1     BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY In the last few years, the National Agency for Food Drugs Administration and Control (NAFDAC) has been news. There is hardly any day without the mention of NAFDAC by either electronic media or print media. This coverage is more of positive stories on the activities of […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1  Background of the Study Broadcasting and the electronic media are the vehicle through which diverse audiences get abreast with the happenings in the society, especially in this era of globalization. Akpan, (2002, p.3) made this fact more explicit when he described broadcasting as the systematic dissemination of entertainment, information, educational and other […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1    Background to the Study A medium is the channel through which message travel from the source to the receiver. Mass media include not only the mechanical device that transmit and sometimes store the message e.g. television cameras, radio, microphone, printing press e.t.c but also the institution that uses these machines […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1   Background to the Study In a newspaper organization, there are various factors that determine the successful operation of the sales and distribution channels. Accordingly, even minor issues in these operations can adversely affect the newspaper. A customer may choose a newspaper for various reasons. However, it’s up to the newspaper […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1     Background of the Study Public relations play a vital role between an organization and its public. Its practice aims at establishing a two-way communication, seeking common ground or areas of mutual interest and establishing understanding based on truth, knowledge and full information. It is that indispensable bridge that fosters co-operation […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study For so many years, development as a concept was used to purely describe economic growth alone. This is so because economic growth was often considered from the perspectives of the Gross National Product (GNP) and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of a country which were used as a standard […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY The history of radio news commentary in Nigeria dated back to the 1930’s when what was known as radio receiver was just a wooden box and as amp liter.  The audience has thrilled by these live commentaries run by various pioneer commentators. Ever since the tradition of running […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1   Background to the Study Election is a festival of democracy. It fosters an inclusive state; democracy rooted in popular sovereignty and sustainable peace and tests the competitive strength of political parties and leaders through programme and ideologies. In this context, it is important for the press to keep the hope […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Culture entails the way of life of people culture is the total way of life of a people, culture can also be defined as the identity through which a particular set of people are identified. Every society, no matter how civilized or uncivilized has its totality and […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1     Background of the Study A mobile phone is a device that can basically make and receive calls over a radio link while moving around a wide geographic area. (Pew Research center, 2010). It does so by connecting to a cellular network provided by a mobile phone operator, allowing access […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACK GROUND OF STUDY The first printing press invented in 1448 by Johannes Gutenberg made skillful use of the knowledge of writing and the invention of alphabet. Handwritten manuscripts continued to be produced and the different graphic modes of communication continued to influence each other. Gutenberg made use of metals he had […]

ABSTRACT This research-the implication of communication on labour conflict is in partial fulfillment of the condition for the award of Higher national Diploma in Accountancy. Despite, the importance of communication in an organization many still do not know how to go about it to enhance sanity where there is conflict and prevent conflict where there […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.0     Background to the Study The Nigerian oil and gas industry dates back to 1958 when oil was first discovered by Shell D’Arcy at Oloibiri field in the Eastern Niger Delta Basin in the present day Bayelsa State. However, oil prospecting activities go back to 50 years prior to that following exploration […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1      Background of the study The electoral commission has always been an essential component of suggestions for democratic improvement in Nigeria, and in other democratising African countries.The Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) is Nigeria’s national Election Management Body (EMB) established in both the Nigerian Constitution of 1999 and the Electoral Act 2010.INECis responsible […]

Introduction Background to The Study The issue of pregnancies among unmarried teenage girls seems to be one of the social problems facing not only Nigeria, but also several other nations of the world. Surveys by researchers such as Briggs (2001), Gyepi-Garbrah (1985), Onuzulike (2003) and others revealed that teenagers become sexually active at an early […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1       BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY Our successful existence in the contemporary world means the ability to solving numerous problems and making countless choices. Fast changes around us show that the number of choices to be taken grows daily. Some of such choices are about friends to move with, types of school to […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Background of the Study This study is focused at identifying how the exposure of pornographic films influence the undergraduate students of the University of Lagos. Film is categorized under the mass media as a tool of communication. It is therefore associated with the enormous influence of the mass media. According to Burton […]

Abstract This study investigates the news commercialization and media credibility with special reference to Journalists in Minna Metropolis. The quantitative survey design was used. The population comprised of Journalists in Minna Metropolis. The researchers employed Taro Yame’s formula to sample size out 384 respondents which formed the sample frame. Questionnaire was used as the instrument […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1   BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY The latest trends in media technologies have changed the entire system of newspaper production and circulation in Nigeria. Both the print and broadcast media are affected in one way or the other by the technology revolution (Kowet, 2000). Information is the primary input as well as the […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1   Background to the study In recent decades, there have been large gains, no doubt in comparable levels, in basic rights and opportunities, in life expectancy and enrolment ratio for women. But despite these gains, the stark reality has not changed. There still are larger gender disparities in basic human rights, resources, […]

Background of the Study This study is focused at identifying how the exposure of pornographic films influence the undergraduate students of the University of Lagos. Film is categorized under the mass media as a tool of communication. It is therefore associated with the enormous influence of the mass media. According to Burton (2002), the main […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study In a newspaper organization, there are various factors that determine the successful operation of the sales and distribution channels. Accordingly, even minor issues in these operations can adversely affect the newspaper. A customer may choose a newspaper for various reasons. However, it’s up to the newspaper agencies […]

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study The modern day business environment is, to say the least, very volatile and dynamic. Thus, it is becoming increasingly difficult for business organizations to hold firmly to their target markets and maintain a competitive operation. A lot of concerns have crumbled just as fast as they sprang […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study Desai (2009) noted that, “During the last three decades, the concept of entrepreneurship has assumed prime importance both in research and in action for accelerating economic growth in the developing countries.” Majorly Academicians, Scholars, Professors have recognized the importance of entrepreneurship and has accepted it as a […]