CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Security concerns are taken seriously all around the world. It is regarded as one of the most basic obligations of any state. The first responsibility of a king, according to Adam Smith (cited in Nwolise, 2010), is to provide protection from the public purse. The Nigeria Prisons Service, […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study Overpopulation refers to a population which exceeds its sustainable size within a particular environment or habitat. Overpopulation results from an increased birth rate, decreased death rate, the immigration to a new ecological niche with fewer predators, or the sudden decline in available resources. Therefore, overpopulation describes a situation in which a population […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Religious fanaticism denotes religious extremism, which in other words is an irrational attitude to religion which leads the religionist to the practice of religion . Among the many identifiable ailments ravaging Nigeria are religious in nature. At the heart of the many identifiable solutions to the ailments must […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY One of the human security issues that Nigerians face is crime. Several countries have struggled to curb soaring rates of murder, armed robbery, and kidnapping, as well as drug trafficking, sex trafficking, illicit weapons trafficking, and a slew of other crimes that cause crime. In Nigeria, crime […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study Across the world, governments are dealing with the challenges raised by both globalization and a movement towards democratic systems of governance. In an effort to make the delivery of services more efficient and to bring them closer to the people, many countries have moved to decentralize a range […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY According to the estimates released by the International Labour Organization (ILO), each year 2.78 million workers die from occupational accidents and work-related diseases (of which 2.4 million are disease-related) and an additional 374 million workers suffer from non-fatal occupational accidents. It is estimated that lost work days globally represent […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Nigerians have debated the challenges of peaceful coexistence among ethnic groups on the one hand, and between Muslims and Christians on the other, since the British colonial administration merged the northern and southern areas of Nigeria in 1914 (Michael Crowder, 1968). The question of leaving together in peace […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study Microfinance is the provision of financial services to lower-income populations, such as loans, savings, insurance, money transfers, and payment facilities (Awojobi, 2014). It may also be put to constructive use, such as investments, seeds, or extra operating cash for small businesses. It may, on the other hand, be […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1  Background of the study The outbreak of coronavirus pandemic came as a rude shock to many as many  developed and developing countries were not ready for its impact. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can be said to be  an illness caused by a novel coronavirus called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2; […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY Colleges and Universities environments are where students reside and concentrate in closeness to one another. They are additionally humming social center points where students are united from departments in the university. In recent times, the establishments of this special ecosystem have been affected essentially by the rapid spread […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1BACKGROUND OF STUDY There is no gain saying that the novel corona virus has affected the social, political and economic sectors of countries. Ironically the financial institutions which is a sensitive sector of the economy are part of the most exposed groups to Covid -19 infectious disease in the course of rendering […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study An efficient tax administration is a key determinant of the investment climate; it helps to attract more investment, reduce poverty and increase growth. It also enables the government to raise revenue with lower tax rates (Rahman, 2009). Erard (1994) stated that the primary goal of a revenue […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY The government has been burdened by the difficulties of development, resulting in the creation of additional development partners and stakeholders. After many years of independence, these actors have complemented the government’s efforts and even reached regions that the government has not yet reached. NGO’s, FBO’s, and community-based groups […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY The recent contagious respiratory infectious disease caused by a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) with the same veiled RNA structure as SARS-CoV-1 that causes the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) outbreak has created a massive global human disaster (Rahman A, Sathi NJ 2020). The World Health Organization (WHO) has classified it […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1    BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY In Nigeria, the beginning of reforms may be traced back to the time when the country was under colonial control. In point of fact, the colonial authority made a number of initiatives between the years 1941 and 1947 to revamp and restructure the Nigeria Civil Service (Anifowose 2020). […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Gun laws in Nigeria are often enacted with the intention of reducing the use of small arms in criminal activity, specifying weapons perceived as being capable of inflicting the greatest damage and those most-easily concealed (such as handguns and other short-barreled weapons). Persons restricted from legal access to […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Nigeria faces serious threats to its political security as a result of insurgency and extremism. Various examples of domestic and international extremism have been observed around the globe in recent decades. insurgency as an organised movement aimed at the overthrow of a constituted government, causing chaos and […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACGROUND OF THE STUDY Many of today’s deadliest conflicts involves violent extremist groups that have transnational reach; combine political, ideological and criminal agendas; and demonstrate capacity to exploit dysfunctional relations within and among local populations, elites and states. Various of such groups are self-defined jihadists who articulate extra-state goals that seek to […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1       Background of the study Poverty is the state of not having enough money or material goods to live comfortably. Poverty is defined as a state of being unable to meet one’s fundamental necessities. In this regard, significant efforts are being undertaken all over the world to increase the rate of economic […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1  Background of the study Human trafficking is defined as the trade of people for the purpose of forced labor, sexual slavery, or commercial sexual exploitation for the trafficker or others. [UNODC, 2011] This can include providing a spouse in the context of forced marriage,[CHILD TRAFFICKING FOR FORCED MARRIAGE, 2013], or the extraction […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Peptic ulcer disease is a gastrointestinal disorder characterized by mucosal injury caused by pepsin and stomach acid production. It most commonly occurs in the stomach and proximal duodenum; less frequently, it occurs in the lower esophagus, distal duodenum, or jejunum, as in unopposed hyperse-cretory states like Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, […]

1.1 Background of the study Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is caused by an imbalance between acid secretion and acid-resistant mucosal defenses. Furthermore, investigations have shown a substantial link between H. pylori stomach antral infection and peptic ulcer disease. H. pylori infects more than 90% of patients with peptic ulcer disease, and eradicating the infection not only […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study Globally, learning has been recognized  as a change in behaviour caused by the adaption of various experiences, information, and motivation. Ukonu (2017) explained that it may also be described as the enhancement of an individual’s skills. Learning is not a static component, but rather one that may be […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACGROUND OF THE STUDY The insecurity level in Nigeria has become a great concern. Ranging from terrorist attacks to banditry activities, herders crises, unknown gunmen attacks on citizens and military, abductions and killing of school children makes living more scary than it used to be.  According to the Global Terrorism Index report […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.0 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY The Fulani unarguably represent a significant part of the economy of Nigeria. They are the major breeders of goats, sheep and cattle as those animals are the major source of meat and affordable source of animal proteins ate by Nigerians. The Fula origin also known as Fulani […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY Far way back in 1900, while drilling an oil well in Spindle tops Texas, the drilling crew used various muddy slurs of water and clay as drilling mud. Today drilling fluids are still called drilling mud, but engineers no longer rely only on a mixture of water and […]

Abstract The study set out to examine the ever increasing problem of the rate of pollution in major cities in Nigeria with emphasis in Edo state. In doing so, the study has on the basis of personal observation and secondary sources examined the effects of environmental pollution in Nigeria. The findings show that environmental problems […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1     Background to Study As with any pesticide, it is important to choose a natural insecticide that fits the situation in which you will use it. These products vary in their toxicity to non-target organisms such as fish and bees, as well as their effectiveness at controlling specific insect pests. If used […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1     Background to Study Lane and Peto (1995) and Williams (1995) assert that the historical development of waste treatment and disposal has been motivated by concern for public health. The industrial revolution between 1750 and 1850 led to many people moving from rural areas to the cities, a massive expansion of the […]

Abstract The study evaluates the need for effective waste management policies in Nigeria. The study has the following objectives: to examine the consequences of poor solid waste management in Nigeria and to identify the strategies that has been adopted in solid waste management in Nigeria. It also explained the mode of data collection and analysis; […]

ABSTRACT This study was carried out to investigate the importance of aste management to environmental sanitation on Igbara Local government area of Ekiti State of Nigeria. The local governments have recently adopted a dynamic approach to the issue of the environmental health problems through self help and self initiative. It is hoped that such as […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1Background of the study The importance of changing old material to new give economic significance in the recycling company in the world today, examining the context of Recycling is the process of converting waste materials into new materials and objects. It is an alternative to “conventional” waste disposal that can save material and […]

CHAPTER ONE                         INTRODUCTION Background of the study We live in a world where we are subject to environmental and economic effects that transcend national boundaries. Increasing globalization has led to a greater recognition of the need to address many of these issues through a global or a regional approach. In some respects, international law […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Background of the study The Solid wastes comprise all the wastes arising from human and animal activities that are normally solid, discarded as useless or unwanted. Also included are by- products of process lines or materials that may be required by law to be disposed of (Okecha 2000). Solid waste can be […]

                                                         CHAPTER ONE   INTRODUCTION   1.1             Background to the Study   Transportation encompasses the movement of people, goods and services from one point of origin to destination (Filani, 1993). Transportation is indispensable to modern economic development especially in a developing country like Nigeria. It plays a vital role in shaping the economy of any […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1Background of the study The generation and disposal of waste is an intrinsic part of any developing or industrial society. Waste, both from domestic and commercial sources has grown significantly in Nigeria over the past decade. Every time a householder shops at the store, and open market he contributes to the mountain […]

ABSTRACT This study was carried out on the impact of managing solid waste: reduce, reuse and recycle. The spatial scope of this work are localities in Zaria which include; Samaru, Palladan, Basawa, Gyllesu, Muchia, Chikaji, Wusasa, Dogarawa, Sabon-Gari, Tudun Wada, Gaskiya and Zaria city. By indication, Zaria as used in this study comprises Zaria and […]

  CHAPTER ONE   1.0 Introduction 1.1 Background of the Study Waste or household waste is the waste generated by households. It must be discerned from municipal solid waste, which is the waste collected by the municipal collection system. Waste can be divided mainly into paper and cardboard, glass, plastic, organic fractions, hazardous waste and […]

INTRODUCTION The word pollution has been used in many contexts with different connotative meaning. However, pollution can be seen as the contaminating the environment. The problem of air pollution has become has become a major concern to both global and local environmental policies formulators  purported to address its devastating trend, particularly in growing megacities of […]

ABSTRACT Environmental problems of flooding on transportation land use manifest as a result of different land use activities of man to earn his living and his livelihood. Natural surfaces were replaced by more impermeable roads and concrete which have very low infiltration capacity, which have hydrological consequences of resulting into flooding problems in the Benin […]

Abstract This research work was carried out on the environmental and health effects of waste management in Bayelsa state, aimed at providing solution to problems of waste management in Bayelsa state. The major objectives of the study are; to determine the quality of waste generated in the study area, to assess the impact of indiscriminate […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1Background of the study Recycling saves energy, reduces raw material extraction and combats climate change. The vast majority of studies have found that recycling our waste is better for the environment rather than incinerating or land filling , The use of plastics in packaging applications is growing steadily. Most industrialized countries have […]

Abstract This research work was carried out on the problems and prospects of waste disposal in Bayelsa state, aimed at providing solution to problems of  waste disposal in Bayelsa state. The major objectives of the study are; to determine the quality of waste generated in the study area, to assess the impact of indiscriminate waste […]

                                                      CHAPTER ONE                                                      INTRODUCTION   BACKGROUNG OF STUDY In recent years, student academic achievement in senior secondary school certificate examination mathematics. The word “Mathematics” is a Greek word, meaning things that are learned. Majasa (1995) further defined it as the science of counting, measuring and describing of the shape of objects. It deals with […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY Few residential estates built across Nigeria by both federal and state government has been able to meet the housing needs of many Nigerians. Shelter is a basic necessities an esteemed need of man. It used to be ranked second after food in the hierarchy of man’s needs […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.0 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY The benefit derived in the residential property investment can not be over emphasized likewise the problem encounter in the management of such investment. Thus residential property investment involves making a current commitment of fund in order to obtain an uncertain future returns, the study will examines various […]

Abstract Tourism in Nigeria is still down the ladder in policy formulation for economic growth and development. Tourism sector needs advocates and researchers that would work towards repositioning tourism on the Zenith level of budgetary allocation to enable the sector contribute maximally to the economic development of Nigeria. Based on this, this research examined land […]

CHAPTER ONE 1.0 Introduction It is quite obvious that every organization keeps materials which form one of the pivotal elements in the organization. Any establishment that is set up to produce one thing or another; any organization could either be goods producer or services delivery or both, and they must make use of materials in […]

CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study Property investment has been considered as an investment that is very lucrative in the economy of most nations and it is a major investment option that gives investors the courage to invest because it is recognized to have inflation hedge. Unlike other assets class, commercial properties […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY Researchers in building sector have indicated that between 50 to 60 per cent of the total construction input goes into building materials. As a result, there is an urgent need to address the high cost of these products which is said to have slowed down the growth […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY Abandoned projects and construction failure including construction projects and other civil engineering infrastructure development project like houses, churches, schools, roads, bridges, dams, tunnels, air port, sea port etc. litter the whole Nigeria. Osemenan (1987) reported that Nigeria has become the “world’s junk-yard of abandoned and failed projects […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY The unceasing abandonment of residential buildingsanddevelopment projectsis so shocking in the developing countries such that Nigerian has remained one of the countries in such difficulty (Ayodele and Alabi, 2011; Kotangora, 1993; Osemenan, 1987). Therefore, the significance that the incessant abandonment of residential buildings and projects would bring […]

ABSTRACT This study was to assess housing development and the affordability in Ogun State with a particular reference to Opic and Ogun State housing. To achieve this objective, four research questions were formulated to guide the study. The data was collected from both primary and secondary sources. The primary data were collected with the help […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY The Advanced Learners Dictionary defines maintenance as the process of protecting or preserving someone or something, or the process of keeping something in good condition. Culture, on the other hand, is a way of life, a lifestyle, customs, traditions, habits that portray the attributes of a person/people. […]

Abstract The construction sector based on industry or Industrialized Building System (IBS) is a method of construction using the industrialized building materials at the manufacturing plant. This method can replace the conventional method and is able to; reduces the amount of foreign labor, improve the quality of construction, lower the cost, and reduce construction time. […]

CHAPTER ONE GENERAL INTRODUCTION Background to the study A port is an area on a coast or shore containing one or more harbors where ships can dock and transfer people or shipment to or from land. Port sites are designated to enhance the access to land and inland water, market demand, and sheltered from the […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY The Real Estate sector offers a great potential source of growth forNigeria. Until now, the understanding of its composition and growth has been somewhat limited to its required use in Nigerian national accounts. Development is a general word that encompasses all aspects of human life, segments and […]

Abstract This research is concerned with the effect of land use on the health and safety of the environment. the relationship between the planning of settlements and health. It gives a brief introduction to the issues before summarising the evidence in relation to a range of topics, concluding with some more speculative thoughts on likely […]

CHAPTER ONE    1.1Background of the study               According to Ugbodaga, (2015) the government of Lagos State has warned state residents to prepare for heavy rains and advised residents of flood zones to be ready to move immediately they notice a gradual accumulation of the rising waters. The government said residents should be vigilant and prepare […]

                                                                  CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION   1.1                   BACKGROUND OF STUDY     Human anxiousness as well as quest to improve survival chances and gain better control over their environment has indeed succeeded through man’s constant exploration, exploitation and alteration of the natural environment. This has enabled man to achieve urbanization, industrialization and development in general. These […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Background Waste Management is a local and global concern. In reality, it is natural for waste to be generated. This does not pose any problem but the deficient capacity of individuals and government to strategically and sustainable manage these waste within the environment in which they are generated becomes an issue.   […]

CHAPTER ONE          INTRODUCTION 1.1.    BACKGROUND OF STUDY Water is the prerequisite of life, mankind has settled along the Nile, the Euphrates, the Tigris, the Indus and the Yangtze-Kiang (Marsha et al., 1999). Since ancient times and well before the past millennium, people have sought ways of dealing with water (their main commodity and […]

Abstract Some environmental effects of flooding in Warri, Delta state region of Nigeria was reviewed to provide the desired knowledge needed for the effective management of flooding. Floods are caused by many factors: Heavy rainfall, highly accelerated snowmelt, severe winds over water, unusual high tide, tsunamis, or failure of dams, levees, retention ponds, or other […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1   BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY The unceasing abandonment of residential buildings and development projects is so shocking in the developing countries such that Nigerian has remained one of the countries in such difficulty (Ayodele and Alabi, 2011; Kotangora, 1993; Osemenan, 1987). Therefore, the significance that the incessant abandonment of residential buildings and […]

ABSTRACT     The study investigates the impact of Ocean shipment trade on Nigeria’s economic development, covering the period, 1976-2015. Ocean shipment trade, in thousands of tonnes served as the independent variable in all the three hypotheses defined while, the gross domestic product, Nigerian value of external reserves and external debt payment were employed as […]

Abstract This research examines the implications of land fill emission and their impact on Nigeria. This has some socio economic and political implications on sustainable development, while the management of waste is a matter of national and international concern. Recent events in major cities of world have shown that the problems of waste management have […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION   Background of the study                Marine pollution occurs when harmful, or potentially harmful, effects result from the entry into the ocean of chemicals, particles, industrial, agricultural and residential waste, noise, or the spread of invasive organisms. Eighty percent of marine pollution comes from land. Air pollution is also a contributing factor by carrying off pesticides or […]

Abstract This research examines the implications of land fill emission and their impact on Nigeria. This has some socio economic and political implications on sustainable development, while the management of waste is a matter of national and international concern. Recent events in major cities of world have shown that the problems of waste management have […]

                                        CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND OF  THE STUDY Today  forest occupy approximately one –third of earth land area, account for two – third of  the leaf area of plants on land and contain 70 percent of carbon present in living things .Thus, the food and agricultural organization (FAO) of the united nations estimates that […]

Abstract Indiscriminate handling and disposal of industrial by products into the environment represents one of the major sources of environmental pollution which invariably affects the health of man, plants and animals. The toxic effect of these industrial set up from industrial estate in ogun state was investigated in terms of soil , water and air […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1   BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY Slums are home to the poorest of urban populations in Africa UN Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat). The houses inhabited by slum dwellers are mostly decrepit, overcrowded, in neighborhoods that are prone to flooding and beset with poor sanitation and shortage of potable water. Slums are easily formed […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1       Background of Study In terms of Sustainability and environment, the natural elements play important roles for ecological preservation. Water is the most abundant environmental resource on earth but its accessibility is based on quality and quantity, as well as space and time. It may be available in various forms and quantity […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Background of the study The cities of third world countries are growing at very rapid rates compared to those in the developed nations. For instance, a UN-Habitat report observed that Africa is the fastest urbanizing continent having cities like Cairo, Lagos, Nairobi, Kinshasa among others growing at fast rates that would make […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION   Background of the study Environmental planning the process of facilitating decision making to carry out development with the consideration given to the natural environmental, social, political, economic and governance factors and provides a holistic frame work to achieve sustainable outcomes. Environmental planning concerns itself with the decision making processes where they are […]

CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY Human anxiousness as well as quest to improve survival chances and gain better control over their environment has indeed succeeded through man’s constant exploration, exploitation and alteration of the natural environment. This has enabled man to achieve urbanization, industrialization and development in general. These developments have not […]

ABSTRACT Flood physical processes and Environmental impact on human, has impact on  Natural surfaces that were damage by more impermeable erosion roads cause by rain and concrete which have very low infiltration capacity, which have hydrological consequences of resulting into flooding problems in the Benin City metropolis. Data for this study were collected through the […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1   BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY The Nigerian Armed Forces were established to protect Nigeria against external aggressors and observers note that the forces have performed their duties creditability ever since their establishment.Analysts, however, underscore the need for the government to provide a good working environment especially in the area of decent accommodation […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1   BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY Solid wastes comprise all the wastes arising from human and animal activities that are normally solid, discarded as useless or unwanted. Also included are by- products of process lines or materials that may be required by law to be disposed of (Okecha 2000). Solid waste can be […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1   BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY Solid wastes comprise all the wastes arising from human and animal activities that are normally solid, discarded as useless or unwanted. The cities of third world countries are growing at very rapid rates compared to those in the developed nations. For instance, a UN-Habitat report observed that […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1     Background of Study Today, there is no doubt that the world has increasingly become urban and the 20 century witnessed rapid and unprecedented urbanization of the world’s population. The global urban population increased from 13% in 1900 to 29% in 1950, 49% in 2005 and it is estimated that by 2030, […]

ABSTRACT   This project deals with the  control of Environmental Pollution in Nigeria. Pollution of the environment leads to the degradation of the environment, which is a consequence of industrialization.  In Nigeria, there are laws that are enacted to safeguard our environment.  There are also institutions put in place to enforce these laws. However, recent […]

  CHAPTER ONE BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY The Oxford Advanced Learners English Dictionary defined environment as conditions, circumstances, etc affecting peoples’ lives. It is the complex of physical, chemical and biotic factors that acts upon an organism or an ecological community and ultimately determines its survival (Encyclopedia Britannica Vol. 4).   Haggets (1975) defines environment […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Since the beginning of civilization, man has always been motivated by the need to make progress and better the lives of fellow mankind by exploring the natural environment.  It is indisputable that the natural environment before the advent of environmental degradation,[1] created unlimited opportunities for development and economic sufficiency of the inhabitants […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Background of the study Various devastating ecological effects and human disasters in the last 40 years have arisen majorly from industrial wastes causing environmental degradation (Abdel-Shafy and Abdel-Basir, 1991; Sridhar et al., 2000). The discharges from these industries constitute biohazard to man and other living organisms in the environment because they contain […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION   Background of the study The project schedule is the tool that communicates what work needs to be performed, which resources of the organization will perform the work and the timeframes in which that work needs to be performed. The project schedule should reflect all of the work associated with delivering the project on time. Project schedules are […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Background of the study Increasing scenes of trash and its side-effect have made the studies on community attitude and littering behaviour of immense interest to scholars. The Tasmanian litter Act, 1973 describes litter as “Rubbish, refuse, Junk, filth, unwanted by the owner or possessor thereof”. Studies on littering have tended to associate […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION   Background of the study Nigeria flares more natural gas associated with oil extraction than any other country, with estimates suggesting that of the 3.5 billion cubic feet (100,000,000 m³) of associated gas produced annually, 2.5 billion cubic feet (70,000,000 m³), or about 70%, is wasted by flaring. This equals about 25% of the UK’s […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Background of the study  Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airway which has a large impact on quality of life and poses a great burden on health services. In children, asthma is the most commonly reported chronic disease in developed countries.  Environmental factors, importantly including improved hygiene, ambient air pollution […]

CHAPTER ONE                                          INTRODUCTION Background of the studies Nigeria is naturally endowed with vast expanse of forest land, the swamp forests in the extreme Southern part of the country, the tropical rainforest in the South- western axis and the wooded savannah in the middle belt. Nigeria ranks among the countries of the world with abundant forest […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1    BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Adaptation refers to adjustments in ecological, social, or economic systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli and their effects or impacts. It refers to changes in processes, practices, and structures to moderate potential damages or to benefit from opportunities associated with climate change (Adams et […]

  ABSTRACT This study was intended to evaluate the consequences of deforestation on rural household income. This study was guided by the following objectives; to find out the causes of deforestation in Odighi in Edo state, to examine the consequences of in rural household income, to determine the strategies of reducing deforestation. The study employed […]

CHAPTER ONE                                          INTRODUCTION Background of the study Nigeria is naturally endowed with vast expanse of forest land, the swamp forests in the extreme Southern part of the country, the tropical rainforest in the South- western axis and the wooded savannah in the middle belt. Nigeria ranks among the countries of the world with abundant forest […]

CHAPTER ONE Abstract Flooding is persistent in Lagos Metropolis. The objective of this paper is to ascertain the causes, magnitude, and effects; and to indicate directions for policy makers and urban dwellers. Topographical maps were used for data collection on the physical environment. Some physical measurements were made of the drainage channels and floods. 2,000 […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1   BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY Slums are home to the poorest of urban populations in Africa. The houses inhabited by slum dwellers are mostly decrepit, overcrowded, in neighborhoods that are prone to flooding and beset with poor sanitation and shortage of potable water. Slums are easily formed in areas experiencing rapid urbanization […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION One of the greatest hazards of man today is poor sanitary condition of his environment, which is being caused by his daily activities, such as waste generation, increase in population and attendant increase in agricultural, industrial and commercial activities.   Wastes are substances, materials or objects discarded as worthless or unwanted, defective […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1   Background to Study Solid wastes comprise all the wastes arising from human and animal activities that are normally solid, discarded as useless or unwanted. Also included are by- products of process lines or materials that may be required by law to be disposed of (Okecha 2000). Solid waste can be classified […]

  CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION   Background of the study The most serious problems confronting cities, towns and their inhabitants as identified in Agenda 21(1996) include the following: Inadequate financial resources, lack of employment opportunities, spreading homelessness and expansion of squatter settlements, increased poverty and a widening gap between the rich and poor, growing insecurity and […]

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION   Background of the study                Marine pollution occurs when harmful, or potentially harmful, effects result from the entry into the ocean of chemicals, particles, industrial, agricultural and residential waste, noise, or the spread of invasive organisms. Eighty percent of marine pollution comes from land. Air pollution is also a contributing factor by carrying off pesticides or […]

ABSTRACT In recent years, there has been a tremendous increase in solid waste generation, resulting to the heaps of refuse along major streets and roads in most cities of Nigeria, and other developing countries which has been converted into landfills. The need to control this ugly situation and make our environment pristine, healthy and supportive […]