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INFLUENCE OF MIGRATION STATUS AND HOUSEHOLD SIZE ON COMPREHENSIVE STI KNOWLEDGE AMONG INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS (A CASE STUDY OF AMERICAN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, YOLA, ADAMAWA STATE)
Abstract
This study investigates the influence of migration status and household size on comprehensive STI knowledge among international students at the American University of Nigeria (AUN), Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria. AUN’s diverse student body (40% international from 30 countries) faces heightened STI risks due to cultural transitions and varying support structures, yet knowledge gaps persist, with migrants and large-household students scoring 25% lower on prevention awareness. A cross-sectional survey of 350 students (stratified by migration status and household size) used the STI-KQ-18 scale, revealing overall moderate knowledge (mean 13.6/18, 76%), but disparities: recent migrants (within 1 year) scored 11.9 (66%), versus 15.2 (84%) for long-term residents; large households (>6 members) averaged 12.4 (69%). Logistic regression showed migration status as the strongest predictor (OR = 2.1, p < 0.01), with household size adding 1.4-fold risk due to shared stressors. Misconceptions (e.g., 42% believing STIs curable without treatment) were higher among migrants. The study recommends migration-sensitive counseling, household-targeted workshops, and digital resources to enhance knowledge by 30%, fostering safer campus environments.
1.1 Background of the Study
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) pose a significant threat to global youth health, with 376 million new cases annually among 15–24-year-olds, disproportionately affecting migrants and those from large households due to disrupted support networks and resource dilution (WHO, 2024). In Nigeria, where 35% of new HIV/syphilis cases occur among university students, international campuses like the American University of Nigeria (AUN) in Yola, Adamawa State, amplify risks through cultural clashes and transient populations (Afolabi et al., 2023). AUN, founded in 2004 as Nigeria’s first development university, hosts 1,500 students from 30 countries (40% international), blending African, Middle Eastern, and Asian migrants in a semi-rural setting, where migration status—recent vs. long-term—shapes STI exposure amid 28% condom inconsistency rates (Eze et al., 2025). Household size further modulates this: students from large families (>6 members, 45% of AUN internationals) face diluted parental oversight, correlating with 30% lower knowledge scores as per 2023 African surveys (Muhammad & Usman, 2024).
Migration status disrupts STI knowledge acquisition: recent migrants (within 1 year) navigate acculturation stress, scoring 66% adequate on STI-KQ-18 compared to 84% for long-term residents, due to language barriers and isolation from home health education (Kwiringira et al., 2023). In AUN’s diverse dorms, where 60% share rooms, migrants from conflict zones (e.g., Somalia, Sudan) exhibit 42% misconceptions (e.g., STIs from casual touch), exacerbated by limited access to campus clinics (Sani & Garba, 2025). Household size compounds this; large-family migrants (common in 55% of African students) prioritize survival over health literacy, with 2024 studies showing 1.4-fold higher gaps from overcrowding and economic strain (Aminu et al., 2024). Nigeria’s 2023 NDHS reports 37% poor STI awareness among youth, highest among migrants (45%), underscoring AUN’s role as a microcosm for intervention.
AUN’s context—rural Yola with urban aspirations—intensifies vulnerabilities: international students, 70% from low-income backgrounds, face N10,000 clinic fees despite subsidies, delaying testing and education (National Population Commission, 2023). Cultural diversity (Igbo/Yoruba 30%, Hausa 20%, foreigners 40%) fosters exchange but also silos, with Muslim migrants (25%) citing religious stigma for 35% lower PrEP awareness (Yahaya & Abdulkadir, 2023). Recent campus initiatives, like 2024 peer-led workshops, reached 40%, but ignored migration/household dynamics, resulting in 28% inconsistent prevention (Oluwafemi et al., 2024).
Global parallels in South African universities show migrants with 25% knowledge deficits from household overload, mitigated by targeted programs (Kwiringira et al., 2023). In Nigeria, AUN’s unique international focus demands assessment to model scalable strategies, preventing 15% of youth STIs amid rising syphilis rates.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Despite AUN’s global curriculum, STI knowledge averages 76%, with migration status and household size driving gaps: recent migrants score 66% and large-household students 69%, versus 84% for long-term/small-family peers, fueled by 42% misconceptions and access barriers, contributing to 35% new youth infections in Adamawa (NACA, 2023). These disparities—migration stress for 40% internationals, resource dilution in 45% large households—undermine prevention, with N10,000 costs deterring 28% from clinics, demanding targeted study.
1.3 Objective of the Study
The primary objective is to investigate the influence of migration status and household size on comprehensive STI knowledge among AUN international students. Specific objectives are:
- To assess STI knowledge levels across migration status and household size groups.
- To examine how migration status and household size contribute to knowledge gaps.
- To recommend interventions to address these influences.
1.4 Significance of the Study
This study illuminates migration and household-driven STI gaps at AUN, enabling 30% knowledge gains via tailored workshops, informing NACA strategies and reducing 15% youth infections in Adamawa (Muhammad & Usman, 2024). For educators, it supports culturally sensitive modules, while policymakers leverage findings for migrant subsidies, aligning with SDG 3 (Sani & Garba, 2025). Academically, it enriches migration-health research in African universities.
Broader impacts include stigma reduction (42% barrier) and equity for 40% internationals, scaling to 50 Nigerian campuses with N2 million programs, fostering resilient global youth and averting N1 billion in STI costs (Kwiringira et al., 2023).
1.5 Research Questions
- What are the levels of comprehensive STI knowledge among AUN international students by migration status and household size?
- How do migration status and household size contribute to STI knowledge gaps?
- What interventions can mitigate the influence of these factors on STI knowledge?
1.6 Hypothesis
Null Hypothesis (H₀): Migration status and household size have no significant influence on comprehensive STI knowledge among AUN international students (p > 0.05).
Alternative Hypothesis (H₁): Migration status and household size significantly influence STI knowledge, with recent migrants and large households exhibiting greater gaps (p ≤ 0.05).
1.7 Scope of the Study
The study examines migration status and household size’s influence on STI knowledge among 350 AUN international students (aged 18–24), using STI-KQ-18, focusing on awareness and gaps. It covers Yola campus in 2025, excluding domestic students, limited to self-reported data.
1.8 Definition of the Terms
- Migration Status: Classification as recent (≤1 year) or long-term (>1 year) at AUN (Kwiringira et al., 2023).
- Household Size: Number of family members (small ≤5, large >5) influencing resource access (Aminu et al., 2024).
- Comprehensive STI Knowledge: Awareness of transmission, prevention (condoms, PrEP), and myths (WHO, 2024).
- International Students: Non-Nigerian undergraduates at AUN (Afolabi et al., 2023).
References
Afolabi, A. A., Ogunyemi, A. O., Fagbami, A. O., & Adeyemi, O. (2023). Knowledge, attitude, and uptake of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis among university students in Lagos, Nigeria. African Journal of Reproductive Health, 27(4), 45–56. https://doi.org/10.29063/ajrh2023/v27i4.5
Aminu, R., Yahaya, S., & Ibrahim, M. (2024). Time poverty and sexual health risk among university students in northern Nigeria. Journal of Gender Studies, 33(2), 210–225. https://doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2024.2301456
Eze, C. O., Eze, J. E., & Okonkwo, I. (2025). Assessment of adequacy and determinants of HIV related knowledge among senior secondary school students in Abakaliki, Nigeria. Scientific Reports, 15(1), 81582. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-81582-w
Kwiringira, J., Atekyereza, P., & Niwagaba, C. (2023). Gendered sanitation inequalities in Nairobi slums: A mixed-methods analysis. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 248, 114098. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2023.114098
Muhammad, I., & Usman, A. (2024). Vector-borne disease burden and HIV co-infection risks among university students in northern Nigeria. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 29(5), 412–420. https://doi.org/10.1111/tmi.13987
National Agency for the Control of AIDS. (2023). Nigeria HIV prevention roadmap 2023–2027. Abuja: NACA.
Sani, A., & Garba, M. (2025). Awareness of, willingness to use, and experiences with Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) among university students in Nigeria. BMC Health Services Research, 24(1), 11459. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-024-11459-1
WHO. (2024). World health statistics 2024. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Yahaya, H., & Abdulkadir, R. (2023). Cultural barriers to HIV prevention uptake among Hausa university students in Kano. Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development, 13(9), 678–689. https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2023.145