ABSTRACT

The aim of this paper is to investigate the influence of instructional materials to the academic performance of secondary school students in Physical and Health Education in Oyo State. The population for the study comprised of all Secondary School Class II students from among which 180 were sampled. The instrument for the study is a 30 multiple-choice self- designed Physical and Health Education Achievement Test (PHEAT).The instrument was validated by specialists in Physical and Health Education Test and Measurement and Educational Management. Test-re- test method and estimation of internal consistency was used to ascertain the reliability. The reliability coefficients of 0.73 and 0.75 were obtained respectively. The study generated four hypotheses that were tested at the significance level of 0.05. ANOVA and ANCOVA statistical tools were used to analyse the data collected. The study found that there was a significant difference in the pre-test and post-test of students in the experimental group. The study also found that gender effect was not statistically significant in Physical and Health Education. The study concluded that students who were taught with instructional materials performed better than those taught without. The study therefore recommended that teachers of Physical and Health Education should employ the use of essential instructional materials for their teaching and also improvise where and when the materials are not available. It therefore becomes imperative to have concerted efforts among parents, school and the government to make available important and necessary instructional materials to teachers of Physical and Health Education for enhanced teaching and consequents improved achievement of students in the subject.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Instructional materials according to Emma and Ajayi (2004) are those things which help teaching and learning process. It helps to promote understanding of the concept and generalization by making lesson practical and realistic. Any teacher who has the interest of the student at heart is bound to think of the ways and means he will employ to make his teaching and learning process moiré effective and more interesting to the student.

Health on the other hand, is been defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) (2004) “as a state of complete, physical, mental and social well being not merely the absent of disease or infirmity.

According to Odue (2011), physical and health education is a process of acquiring health information to make judgment on health behaviour and practices. Physical and health education is sum of all experiences that will develop desirable attitudes, practices and knowledge of an individual, family of community health. The emphasis in physical and health education also includes a teaching and learning transaction between the health teachers and the recipient or student. According to Adeniyi (2000), the effect of instructional materials is to communicate more permanently, health related issues, and information is retained when supplemented with aid. Certainly instructional materials when carefully selected and skilfully used will make learning more effective. Therefore it becomes necessary to investigate the importance of instructional materials in teaching and learning of physical and health education . Using Oyo state as the case study.

However, man and animal possess the necessary abilities for learning. In other words they are potential learners. Certain factors within and outside the learner determine how effectively each individual learn. They are internal when they lie within the individual and external when they lie outside the learner or individual as the case may be.

Instructional materials can be in different forms such as textual and non-textual, the visual the auditory and audio-visual. Witwoth and Benson (2003), indicate that there is a need for research on the use and effectiveness of instructional materials in physical and health education classroom that would enhances its teaching. With these concerns in mind and the educational development in Oyo State. The current study is carried out to address the issues of the effect of instructional materials in physical and health education teaching in the schools.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

The effect of instructional materials in physical and health education instructions has been widely researched but many questions are still remains unanswered. The needs for exploring locally available materials as an alternative for the grossly unavailable materials in our schools, resourcefulness of the teacher must be in line with the learners’ curriculum and environment so that classroom teaching does not have to be retarded by lack of funds.

Hence, government must strive to develop her local technology in all its ramifications, since physical and health education is interested in providing solutions to man’s problems holistically. Many writers in physical and health education have pointed out the grossly unavailability of instructional materials coupled with teachers attitude towards the utilization during classroom teaching-learning situations.

The problems are that; instructional materials not available in our schools, teachers are not improvising and reluctant in using them. Thus, in this research attempt would be made to:

Identify various secondary schools in Oyo State that required instructional materials.

Identify instructional materials needed for effective teaching and learning of physical and health education in secondary school.

Identify instructional materials available in secondary school in Oyo State.

Identify how the effect of instructional materials like chalkboard, funnel board, model real things, overhead projector, tape recorders, radio, television etc. affect the performance of students in secondary school in Oyo State.