COMPLETE SCHOOL PROJECT TOPICS & MATERIALS :
CHAPTERS: Chapter 1-5
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CHAPTER ONE
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The Oxford Advanced Learners English Dictionary defined environment as conditions, circumstances, etc affecting peoples’ lives. It is the complex of physical, chemical and biotic factors that acts upon an organism or an ecological community and ultimately determines its survival (Encyclopedia Britannica Vol. 4).
Haggets (1975) defines environment as the sum total of all conditions that surrounds man at any point in time on the earth, surface viewing human environment from the economic point. Oditte (1993) describes it as natural, capital and analogous to financial capital assets. In this case, any damage done to the environment runs down capital, which sooner or later reduces the value of its recurrent services.
For residential housing environment for instance, is any damage or deviation from its ideal situation puts the health of its resident at stake. The residents as well can
be psychologically affected when any little damage (or disturbance from its ideal condition) is done to residential housing environment. This is why there is cry for
sustainable development. These are development that will take cognizance of the meeting of future needs.
Carter (1977) categorized environment into air
environment, water environment, noise environment, biological environment, another way in which environment is categorized broadly is that which groups it
into physical land, air and water environment and the none economic environment.
Various Activities That Take Place On The
Environment
The effect of major environmental hazard cannot be over emphasized. However the most worrisome of them all, as of now are the global environmental ones. The
problems created by them are threat to both aquatic and terrestrial life and can lead to their extinction. The major global environmental hazards range from pollution (air water and noise) to biological losses. Deforestation and atmospheric contamination. Each particular problem has had a linkage effect with another, which tends to exacerbate the effect with another thus creating wares of anxiety. Worry and concern for all lovers of the environment.
These various types of environmental hazards in Nigeria includes the following Pollution
This is one of the various types of environment hazard in Nigeria. This phenomenon occurs whenever potentially harmful substance are released into the environment pollution on the whole is causes principally by human activities, though it can also be a natural process. It is usually classed according to the receiving agents of air as emissions water as effluents and land as dumps and
disposal. (Ukpong: 1994).
Pollution can be categorized into three major types Viz: Air pollution, water pollution and noise pollution. Environmental or air pollution arises from people’s
economic and domestic activities like modern agriculture which requires pesticides that pollute the atmosphere or enter water system via run – off and sewage. Industrial activities are responsible for wide rang of pollution.
Thermal power stations, burning fossil fuel and moving vehicles emit harmful pollutions like sulphur dioxides, nitrogen oxide and carbon dioxide that cause acid – rain global warming and malfunctioning of hum/animal’s hemoglobin’s.
Mba (1996) identifies major sources of water pollution in Nigeria to include industrial plants, decomposed domestic wastes, solid minerals mining activities as well as petroleum mining operations. In his own view Odiete (1994) identified water pollution sources as arising from soil erosion the discharge of industrial and household effluent wastes (untreated) into the water bodies and the growth of water. Okorie (1992) identified the distribution of unchecked gully erosion as a source of water pollution, according to him, the gully erosion has destroyed
extensive farmlands and development projects.
In addition to the above discourse, another major environmental problem is flooding. According to UNDP (1995) Lagos. flooding arises from rivers and streams over flowing their banks. The occurrence is seasonal and is usually during and after the rainy season. In some areas it is an annual occurrence. Rainfall has been identified as a primary causative factory for flooding. In addition, clay soil are more prone to flooding and many of the eastern states available to
flooding (Cabdhali, 1995)
Furthermore another major environmental hazard is noise. Noise is most often defined as unwanted sound. Noise is usually measured in Decibels (db) and is
generated mostly in high density urban areas or even in the industrial areas that usually use industrial plants as their sources of energy.
Global Warning
This is also one of the various types of environment hazard in Nigeria. This is the continued build – up of green house gases in the atmosphere. These gases
which include carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, chloro-fluorocarbons among others block some of the heat radiated from the earth to cause green house effect.
According to inter-governmental panel on climate change (IPCC), the last two decodes of the 20th century are the hottest on record (UN, 1998). Some of the major causes of increasing emissions of green houses gases are the burning of fossil fuels for energy and transport the clearing of forests, which reduces carbon dioxide absorption cattle raising which produces methane emission as a by-product and use of technology that pollutes. Accordingly this global warming led to the rise in sea water level leading to soil erosion, flooding and droughts.
Ozone Layer Depletion
This is also one of the various types of environmental hazards in Nigeria. The Ozone layer is basically found as a height of about 20 – 30km above sea level. This Ozone Layer provides a protective layer which prevents the penetration of sun harmful ultra violent rays. Joe (1995) in his findings proved that the Ozone Layer depletion was even greater than predicted.
The pollution of the atmosphere from the release of CFCS gases causes the depletion of the zone layer an this results in environmental degradation. According to Ukpong (1994) most of the skin disease and the low productivity in agriculture are caused by ultra-violent rays. Also increase in ultra – violet radiation affects water bodies, disturbs aquatic life which support the food chain, and causes the death of fishes that feed us. It also causes deterioration of synthetic materials
such as paints, and other products used in the building industry, Invariably causing deterioration of housing delivery to our ever increasing human population.
Land Degradation
This is one of the worst environmental hazard in Nigeria. Over 40 million are affected in Nigeria. This has led to food shortages and health problems in Nigeria.
Ukpong as (1994) noted the causes of land degradation as follows;
- Improper resources management
- Destructive logging of our forests
- Overgrazing and over cropping of Arable lands
- Flooding and wind erosion menace
- Strip mining in Jos and Enugu areas
- Land degradation with pesticides and fertilizer
- Some known natural – land slides etc.
- Destruction of wet lands and marshes for development
He also identified other indirect causes of land degradation to include the population growth and population influx, property ownership issues, lack of
control, enforcement measures and jurisdictional overlap which are due to unclear authority and the use of inappropriate technology for farming and even for
producing manufactured goods.
Atmospheric Contaminaiton
Atmospheric contamination is the reduction in quality of the air environment. This is caused by natural and manmade activities. Some of the natural causes include
volcanic eruption, where winds, earthquakes etc. While the man-made causes are inappropriate solid waste disposal, gal flaring, oil exploration, industrial pollution,
coastal erosion etc. The above-mentioned causes are known to affect both aquatic and terrestrial lives and contribute to bio-diversity loss. (Adeleke. Et al 1978)
in order to protect human health and environment from these potential harzard arising from thee inappropriate waste disposal and its consequential environmental pollution, a systematic ally supervised and controlled management of these waste is a necessity through communication. Communication from the perspective of these study goes beyond the mere provision of information by technical means (telephone, prints and electronic media ). Communication as used in this study also includes a way of approaching and exploring processes in a society
Statement of the Problem – – – – – –
The above mentioned effects of environmental hazard of is not a is not are common in most developing countries due to the lack of adequate management of environmental risk and Nigeria is no exception (Collins, 2008). According to Ebeku (2008), In Nigeria the Niger delta is a common example for areas with major environmental hazard and the presence of crude oil and crude oil mining industries in these areas are a major contributors to the plight of the indigenes.
Ethically the beauty of any environment lies in its good sanitary condition this therefore makes This study become very imperative due to the environmental degradation occasioned by hydrocarbon production in the Niger Delta area of Nigeria. There has been series of conflicts between the indigenous people of the region and the major Oil Companies operating therein over the years. The region claims that the activities of the Oil Companies instead of improving have impoverished its people by causing a serious decline in their marine and agricultural resources, which constitute their economic main stay.
Because of environmental pollution, there is drastic decline in the region’s biodiversity and ecological resources, which are the main sources of their income and the people’s mode of survival (Ashton et al., 1999). Also, there is an aspect of the health hazards posed to the inhabitants as a result of oil pollution of the environment, and hence there are environmental challenges as well as socio- economic problems created by adverse effects of oil mining, which has culminated into low agricultural productivity and poor farm yields sufficient enough to threaten the food security of the Niger Delta (Ashton et al., 1999).
This study intends to investigate fully the effects of hydrocarbon exploitation on – the environment of the Niger Delta region; on the general well being of the local
communities in the region; and on the economic growth of the indigenous people of the Niger Delta over the years. It would then recommend ways of improvement that can lead to environmental sustainability and subsequent sustainable development of the region.
This study has become very imperative due to the environmental degradation occasioned by hydrocarbon production in the Niger Delta area of Nigeria. There has been series of conflicts between the indigenous people of the region and the major Oil Companies operating therein over the years. The region claims that the activities of the Oil Companies instead of improving have impoverished its people by causing a serious decline in their marine and agricultural resources, which constitute their economic main stay. Because of environmental pollution, there is drastic decline in the region’s biodiversity and ecological resources, which are the main sources of their income and the people’s mode of survival (Ashton et al., 1999). Also, there is an aspect of the health hazards posed to the inhabitants as a result of oil pollution of the environment, and hence there are environmental challenges as well as socio- economic problems created by adverse effects of oil mining, which has culminated into low agricultural productivity and poor
farm yields sufficient enough to threaten the food security of the Niger Delta (Ashton et al., 1999).