CHAPTER ONE

1.1. INTRODUCTION

Banks, especially commercial banks, are the major mobilizers of saving in any economic system by offering savings facilities to the public. Some of the functions of the banks include the acceptance of deposits from the public and channeling such deposits to the deficit sectors of the economy who are in need of inventible funds. These two related and dependent functions bring the banks face to face with the public who come to obtain their services. This implies that banks attend to a large number of customers who they may not, most of the time, personally know, or whose identity the banks may not immediately know. This shows that banks will be unable to have an immediate identity of these customers all of whom either have honest or fraudulent intentions.
The word fraud is described as a social menace perpetuated by a person or a group of persons with the intention of altering the truth and, or fact, for selfish personal gain.
Fraud occurs when a person in a position of trust and responsibility, in defiance of prescribed norms, break the rules to advance his personal interests at the expense of the public interest he has been entrusted to guard and promote. It also occurs when a person through deceit, trick or highly intelligent, cunning, gains an advantage he could not otherwise have gained through lawful, just, or normal processes.
Worried by this rising tide of bank frauds, the International Corporate Development Agency (ICDA) recently organized a two-day seminar on strategies for minimizing bank frauds.
According to Dr. Falorunsho Abudu, a deputy general manager with First Bank PLC, a resource person at the seminar, major consequences of bank frauds include loss of capital by banks and their shareholders as well as loss of public confidence, litigations, regulatory sanctions and negative publicity.
According to the Nigerian Deposit Insurance Corporation (NDIC) the amount involved in frauds in the nations banking system rose from N804, 196 million in 1990 to N3.309 billion in 1994. NDIC records also show that commercial banks are most hit in this fraud virus as the growth rate of frauds in commercial banks rose by over 700 percent between 1991 and 1994. The higher tendency of frauds in commercial banks may be attributed to the fact that commercial banks operate from chains of branches compared with merchant banks with as small number of outlets.
Frauds in banks could be committed through many ways. These include forgeries on accounts whether savings deposit or current, forgeries of transfer instruments such as drafts and mail over invoicing for services rendered to banks and the opening and operation of false accounts as well as creation of false credit balances.
Dr. Abudu also observed that frauds in banks can be committed through suspension of cheques, diversion of bank frauds, foreign exchange malpractices and embezzlement or outright theft of cash. Other methods are by advances to non-existing customers, misuse of various suspense accounts and the suppression of cash lodgments.
Unfortunately, too, the bank’s internal control systems are only fairly effective. In cases where they try to obey the internal control procedures, they waste so much of the customers time that one could not help wondering whether the bank staff are not sabotaging the internal control procedures.
Studies have also shown that there is a very high customer-bank ratio. Hence, working side by side with this Nigerian banks lack adequate, well trained and committed staff to render effective and efficient services to these customers. This has therefore informed the intention of the writer to examine the effectiveness of an internal control system as an aid to check fraud in banks.

1.2. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Frauds have led to the loss of large amount of money in the economy as a whole and in banking industry in particular. Some critics have even pointed accusing fingers on fraud as contributing significantly to the

financial distress of some banks and the poor performance of the others. Central Bank of Nigeria Annual Report for 1994, pointed out a total number of distressed banks were 42 as the end of 1994 and this was as a result of fraudulent practices in these banks. Besides, in view of the role played by banks in the economy, fraud goes a long way depriving the economy of the necessary funds required for sounds economic activities.
It forces the management of each bank to spend their hard-earned money in a bid to check the occurrence. Moreover, it puts question marks on the integrity of the employees and management of the concerned banks and gives rise to absolute loss of confidence in the banks.
Thus, this study wishes to address the following problems:

1. Could effective Internal control system aid in minimizing the incidence of bank frauds?
2. Do banks with effective internal control systems have less incidences of fraud than those with less effective internal control systems?
3. Do employees in merchant Banks adhere more to laid-down rules than their counterparts in the commercial banks.

4. Do banks without effective internal control system have other effective ways of combating frauds?
   It is expected that solution to these problems will be suggested in this research study.

 

 

1.3. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

This study is aimed at achieving certain objectives which will mean an other milestone in the efforts to stop, or rather, control or minimize bank frauds. The objectives of the study include:-
1. Finding out types, causes, nature and techniques of bank frauds, and why people engage in frauds.
2. Examine the banks’ detection and control, and preventive measures against frauds, the incidence of frauds, and whether banks have adopted special methods of controlling frauds.
3. To determine why bank frauds have continued to exist inspite of all the control measures adopted.

1. To suggest the introduction of effective internal control system to help in minimizing the incidence of frauds.

1.4. HYPOTHESIS

The postulations for this study include the following:-

1. The clerical category of bank employees are more likely to engage in fraudulent activities than the management cadre.
2. Banks that have less fraud occurrences are more likely to be profitable than those with high incidence of fraud.
3. Commercial banks are more likely to have cases of frauds and forgeries than the merchant Banks.
4. Banks with effective internal control system are better able to combat frauds than their counterparts with less effective internal control system.
   1.5. SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

This work will be of immense importance and assistance to management and owners of banks in Nigeria, as well as other developing countries, as it will contribute significantly towards the detection of frauds.

Besides, it will be of immense value in frauds prevention. The banks can benefit from this work by using the suggestions and recommendations made in the study in piloting the affairs of the banks, if this is done, certainly, banks will be operating more profitably as frauds will be reduced to the barest minimum, if not totally eliminated.
Furthermore, the study will have the effect of enhancing the interest of depositors, as well as the banking culture in bank customers. This is because knowledge of fraud and fraudulent practices in banks dampens the spirit of the customers and make them feel unsafe at keeping their deposits in the banks. However, if the suggestions and recommendations embodies in this study are implemented, the writer hopes that it will go a long way to forestall fraud occurrences and hence rekindle once more their interest in banking.
Finally, the government would also find the work beneficial. This arises out of the fact that the government is currently in the forefront of ensuring fair practices in the financial system. This may be borne out of the fact that it realizes the central role that banks play in the development of the economy.

1.6. LIMITATIONS AND SCOPE OF STUDY

A major factor that grossly limited this study is the rate of response by the prospective. A number of reasons may have given rise to this.
First, the skeptical attitude of most respondents made the response rate to be low. Some respondents envisaged that the completion of questionnaires on the topic will give rise to suspicion by their employers on their possibility of getting involved in frauds.
Again, the traditional philosophy of secrecy of banks in their operations played its own role. A lot of data would not be made available for use because of the preservation of the secrets of banks in order to protect the bank’s image. They argued that the public might lost confidence in them, should they learn that fraudulent practices also occur in such banks.
Finally, no bank likes its competitors to know much it losses annually to fraud because it is an instrument with which internal control efficiency of banks is measured.