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DETERMINANTS OF SECONDARY INFERTILITY AMONG WOMEN OF CHILD BEARING AGE IN EGBELU MGBARAJA COMMUNITY

Abstract

This study examined the socio-economic, cultural, and medical factors influencing secondary infertility among women in the Egbelu Mgbaraja community. A quantitative survey research design was adopted, and a structured questionnaire was employed to gather data from a sample of 120 respondents. The study utilized frequency tables, simple percentages, means, and standard deviations to analyze the collected data. Additionally, a t-test was used to test the hypotheses formulated. The findings of the study revealed that socio-economic factors, including education, income, and access to healthcare, significantly contributed to the prevalence of secondary infertility in the community. The analysis indicated that women with lower educational levels and limited access to healthcare were more likely to experience secondary infertility. The study also found that cultural beliefs and practices in the community had a significant influence on the perception and management of secondary infertility. These cultural factors contributed to the stigma surrounding women with secondary infertility, leading to reluctance in seeking medical treatment. Moreover, the study highlighted that medical history, including previous childbirth complications, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and the use of contraceptives, played a significant role in the occurrence of secondary infertility among women in the Egbelu Mgbaraja community. The results showed that women with a history of complicated pregnancies or previous use of contraceptives were more likely to develop secondary infertility. Based on the findings, it was concluded that socio-economic factors, cultural beliefs, and medical history significantly influenced the prevalence of secondary infertility among women in the community. The study recommended that efforts be made to improve women’s access to education and healthcare services to mitigate the impact of socio-economic factors on secondary infertility. Additionally, community-based interventions aimed at addressing cultural stigmas and promoting the acceptance of medical treatments for infertility were recommended. The study also suggested the need for comprehensive reproductive health education to raise awareness about the impact of medical history on fertility and the importance of seeking timely medical care. In conclusion, this study provided valuable insights into the factors contributing to secondary infertility among women in the Egbelu Mgbaraja community. By addressing the socio-economic, cultural, and medical determinants of infertility, it is possible to enhance women’s reproductive health outcomes and reduce the incidence of secondary infertility in the community.

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1       Background to the Study

Infertility, a condition affecting millions of couples worldwide, is a significant public health concern that transcends cultural and geographical boundaries. In both developed and developing countries, infertility has profound social, emotional, and economic implications. While primary infertility, the inability to conceive after a year of unprotected intercourse, often garners significant attention, secondary infertility is an equally distressing condition. Secondary infertility is defined as the inability to conceive or carry a pregnancy to term after successfully giving birth in the past. This condition can be particularly challenging because it occurs unexpectedly, often after a woman has experienced the joy of motherhood. The Egbelu Mgbaraja community in Nigeria is an example of a region where secondary infertility poses significant challenges to women, their families, and the community at large (Gaskins et al., 2018).

In many parts of the world, including Nigeria, secondary infertility is more prevalent than primary infertility. This trend is largely attributed to factors such as complications from previous pregnancies, infections, and unsafe abortions. In the Egbelu Mgbaraja community, located in southeastern Nigeria, secondary infertility is a significant issue that affects many women of childbearing age (Bayu et al., 2020). The prevalence of this condition in Nigeria is concerning, particularly given the cultural importance placed on motherhood. In Nigerian culture, and particularly in the Egbelu Mgbaraja community, having children is often seen as a key measure of a woman’s worth. Consequently, the inability to have additional children after a successful pregnancy can lead to significant social stigma, marital discord, and emotional distress.

The social implications of secondary infertility in the Egbelu Mgbaraja community cannot be overstated. In many African cultures, including in Nigeria, a woman’s ability to bear children is often closely tied to her social status and acceptance within her community. In the Egbelu Mgbaraja community, women who are unable to conceive after a previous pregnancy may face ostracization, gossip, and other forms of social exclusion (Haddis et al., 2020). This social stigma can extend to their families as well, with husbands and in-laws potentially blaming the woman for her inability to conceive. Such social pressures can lead to marital discord, with some men choosing to take on additional wives or even abandoning their marriages altogether. The emotional toll on women experiencing secondary infertility can be devastating, leading to feelings of inadequacy, depression, and anxiety.

Understanding the determinants of secondary infertility is crucial for developing effective interventions. In the Egbelu Mgbaraja community, several factors contribute to the high prevalence of secondary infertility. One significant factor is the prevalence of infections that affect the reproductive system. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as chlamydia and gonorrhea, if left untreated, can lead to complications such as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), which can cause damage to the fallopian tubes and other reproductive organs (Central Statistical Agency [CSA] & ICF, 2020). These infections are a significant contributor to secondary infertility in many parts of Nigeria, including the Egbelu Mgbaraja community.

Another contributing factor is the high rate of unsafe abortions. In Nigeria, where access to safe and legal abortion services is limited, many women resort to unsafe methods, which can result in complications that affect future fertility. Unsafe abortions can lead to infections, scarring, and other complications that make it difficult or impossible for a woman to conceive again (Aladashvili-Chikvaidze et al., 2023). Furthermore, poorly managed childbirth, which may involve complications such as retained placenta or severe postpartum infections, can also contribute to secondary infertility. In many cases, women in the Egbelu Mgbaraja community may not have access to adequate healthcare services during childbirth, increasing the risk of complications that could affect their future fertility (Gambineri et al., 2019).

Cultural and traditional practices in the Egbelu Mgbaraja community also play a role in the prevalence of secondary infertility. For example, some traditional practices, such as the use of herbal remedies and traditional birth attendants, may contribute to complications during pregnancy and childbirth. While these practices are often deeply rooted in the community’s culture and may be seen as an important part of the birthing process, they can also increase the risk of complications that lead to secondary infertility (Hakim, 2022). Additionally, cultural beliefs about fertility and childbearing may discourage women from seeking medical help for fertility issues, further exacerbating the problem.

In some cases, women may be reluctant to seek medical help for fertility issues due to fear of being judged or ostracized by their community. This reluctance can be particularly pronounced in communities where there is a strong belief in the power of traditional medicine and where seeking help from a medical professional may be seen as a sign of weakness or failure. As a result, many women in the Egbelu Mgbaraja community may not receive the medical care they need to address the underlying causes of their infertility, leading to a higher prevalence of secondary infertility in the community.

Socioeconomic factors also contribute to the high prevalence of secondary infertility in the Egbelu Mgbaraja community. Many women in this community may not have access to the financial resources needed to seek medical care for fertility issues. This lack of access to healthcare can be particularly pronounced in rural areas, where medical facilities may be scarce, and where women may have to travel long distances to reach a clinic or hospital (Gaskins et al., 2018). Additionally, poverty and low levels of education may limit women’s understanding of reproductive health issues and their ability to seek appropriate medical care.

In the Egbelu Mgbaraja community, as in many parts of Nigeria, women’s access to healthcare is often limited by their socioeconomic status. Women from poorer households may not be able to afford the cost of medical care, and may therefore be more likely to rely on traditional medicine or other low-cost alternatives. This reliance on traditional medicine can increase the risk of complications that lead to secondary infertility. Additionally, women with low levels of education may not be aware of the risks associated with certain practices, such as unsafe abortions or untreated infections, and may therefore be more likely to engage in behaviors that increase their risk of secondary infertility.

1.2       Statement of Problem

Despite extensive research on infertility, significant gaps remain in understanding the specific determinants and impacts of secondary infertility, particularly within culturally distinct communities like the Egbelu Mgbaraja in Nigeria. Much of the existing literature has primarily focused on primary infertility, leaving secondary infertility relatively underexplored, especially in regions where cultural norms significantly influence reproductive health outcomes (Bayu et al., 2020). This oversight is problematic because secondary infertility, which affects women who have previously carried a pregnancy to term, poses unique emotional and social challenges that differ from primary infertility. These challenges are compounded in communities where motherhood is a key measure of a woman’s worth, leading to severe social stigma and emotional distress for those affected (Haddis et al., 2020).

Furthermore, while there is evidence linking secondary infertility to factors such as infections, unsafe abortions, and poorly managed childbirth, there is a lack of comprehensive research that integrates these determinants within the specific socio-cultural context of the Egbelu Mgbaraja community (Gaskins et al., 2018). Existing studies often generalize findings across diverse populations without accounting for the unique cultural practices and beliefs that may exacerbate or mitigate the impact of secondary infertility in this community (Hakim, 2022). Additionally, the role of socioeconomic factors in limiting access to healthcare and exacerbating infertility issues is acknowledged but not sufficiently addressed in existing research, particularly in rural settings like Egbelu Mgbaraja where resources are scarce (Central Statistical Agency [CSA] & ICF, 2020).

Therefore, this study aims to fill these gaps by investigating the specific cultural, social, and economic determinants of secondary infertility in the Egbelu Mgbaraja community, providing a nuanced understanding that could inform targeted interventions and support for affected women.

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1.3       Objectives of the Study

The primary objective of this study is to identify the determinants of secondary infertility among women of childbearing age in the Egbelu Mgbaraja community. Specifically, the study aims to:

1. Examine the role of socio-economic factors, including education, income, and access to healthcare, in contributing to secondary infertility among women in the community.
2. Investigate the impact of cultural beliefs and practices on the perception and management of secondary infertility.
3. Assess the influence of medical history, including previous childbirth complications, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and contraceptive use, on the occurrence of secondary infertility.

1.4       Research Questions

The study will be guided by the following research questions:

1. What socio-economic factors contribute to the prevalence of secondary infertility among women in the Egbelu Mgbaraja community?
2. How do cultural beliefs and practices influence the perception and management of secondary infertility in the community?
3. To what extent do medical history and previous reproductive experiences affect the likelihood of secondary infertility among women of childbearing age in Egbelu Mgbaraja?

1.5       Research Hypotheses

The following hypotheses will be tested in the course of the study:

1. H₀₁: There is no significant relationship between socio-economic factors and the prevalence of secondary infertility among women in the Egbelu Mgbaraja community.
2. H₀₂: Cultural beliefs and practices do not significantly influence the perception and management of secondary infertility in the Egbelu Mgbaraja community.
3. H₀₃: There is no significant association between medical history, including previous childbirth complications and STIs, and the occurrence of secondary infertility among women in the Egbelu Mgbaraja community.

1.6 Significance of the Study

This study is significant for several reasons. First, it addresses a critical gap in the literature by focusing on secondary infertility, a condition that is often overlooked in favor of primary infertility. By providing a detailed analysis of the determinants of secondary infertility in the Egbelu Mgbaraja community, the study will contribute to the broader understanding of reproductive health challenges in Nigeria and similar settings.

Second, the findings of this study will be valuable to healthcare providers, policymakers, and community leaders in developing targeted interventions to reduce the incidence of secondary infertility. By identifying the socio-economic, cultural, and medical factors that contribute to secondary infertility, the study will inform the design of health education programs, improve access to quality reproductive healthcare, and encourage early medical intervention for women at risk.

Third, the study will provide insights into the cultural context of infertility in the Egbelu Mgbaraja community, helping to challenge misconceptions and reduce the stigma associated with secondary infertility. This is particularly important in promoting a more supportive environment for affected women and encouraging open discussions about reproductive health.

Finally, the study will serve as a reference for future research on infertility and reproductive health in Nigeria and other developing countries. It will provide a foundation for further studies that can explore additional factors or test the effectiveness of interventions designed to address secondary infertility.

1.7 Scope and Limitations of the Study

The scope of this study is limited to women of childbearing age (15-49 years) in the Egbelu Mgbaraja community who have previously given birth but are currently experiencing difficulty in conceiving or carrying a pregnancy to term. The study will focus on identifying the socio-economic, cultural, and medical determinants of secondary infertility within this population.

The study will utilize a cross-sectional design, with data collected through structured questionnaires, interviews, and medical records. While this approach will provide valuable insights into the factors contributing to secondary infertility, it is not without limitations. One major limitation is the potential for recall bias, as participants may have difficulty accurately recalling past medical events or experiences related to their reproductive health.

Another limitation is the cultural sensitivity surrounding the topic of infertility. Some participants may be reluctant to discuss their experiences openly, leading to underreporting or socially desirable responses. The study will address this by ensuring confidentiality and creating a supportive environment during data collection.

Additionally, the study is confined to a single community, which may limit the generalizability of the findings to other settings. However, the insights gained from this study can still provide valuable lessons for similar communities in Nigeria and other developing countries.

 

1.8       Operational Definition of Terms

1. Secondary Infertility: The inability to conceive or carry a pregnancy to term after previously giving birth to one or more children.
2. Childbearing Age: The age range during which a woman is biologically capable of conceiving and giving birth, typically defined as 15 to 49 years.
3. Socio-economic Factors: The social and economic conditions that influence an individual’s or group’s behavior and well-being, including income, education, and access to healthcare.
4. Cultural Beliefs and Practices: The shared values, norms, customs, and behaviors that are characteristic of a particular community or society and influence perceptions and actions related to health and illness.
5. Medical History: The record of an individual’s past health conditions, treatments, surgeries, and other medical events that may affect their current health status.
6. Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs): Infections that are primarily spread through sexual contact, including diseases such as chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis, which can impact fertility.
7. Reproductive Health: A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being in all matters relating to the reproductive system, including the ability to have a satisfying and safe sex life, the capability to reproduce, and the freedom to decide if, when, and how often to do so.
8. Stigma: The negative social attitude and discrimination directed at individuals or groups perceived to deviate from societal norms, such as women experiencing infertility.