CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Sanitation is the sanitary method of maintaining health by avoiding human contact with waste dangers and treating and properly disposing of sewage or waste water. Inadequate sanitation creates dangers that can be physical, microbiological, biological, or chemical pathogens. Human and animal excreta, solid waste, home waste water (sewage or greywater), industrial waste, and agricultural wastes are all examples of waste that can cause health concerns. Due to urban appeal, the majority of African cities are congested (Strauss 2000). Inadequately regulated urban expansion results in inadequate management of the solid and liquid waste generated by cities. This results in a slew of sanitary issues. In these cities, sanitation is mainly controlled by self-purification operations. They frequently restrict waste-water that trickles down into residential streets, generating pungent aromas (Strauss 2000).

Sanitation, as defined by the World Health Organization WHO (2012), is the provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human urine and feces. Sanitation also refers to the upkeep of sanitary conditions, such as garbage collection and waste-water disposal. Poor sanitation, which has long been associated with Africans, has a detrimental effect on the health of those who live in close proximity to the environment. Inadequate sanitation in schools is a significant risk to students’ health. Many schools, particularly rural schools, lacked latrines altogether, and those that did have latrines lacked separate facilities for male and female students. Lack of toilets, particularly separate toilets for girls, was identified as the worst aspect of the female student experience. This demonstrates that poor sanitation is one of the unique conditions that prevent female students from achieving their full potential in school and, in some cases, forcing them to drop out (WHO 2012).

According to Akpan, (2019), following the recent implementation of the universal primary education policy, the student-to-toilet facility ratio has decreased, which also discourages female students from missing class. According to updated morbidity figures, diarrhea, worm infection, eye and skin disease accounted for 25.5% of all outpatient visits to health centers, while malaria (another disease associated with poor sanitation) accounted for an additional 35.5%. (ie a total of 59 percent of all outpatient visit are accounted for by poor sanitation). The country continues to have one of the highest rates of nutritional stunting in Africa, which is partly due to the high incidence of diarrhea caused by poor sanitation.

The rate of inadequate sanitation in secondary schools in local government areas has increased in recent years as a result of several factors impeding adequate sanitation service within the school location. In the majority of secondary schools in the local governments region, poor sanitation allows for the development of a variety of infections; there is an abundance of garbage and excrement for flies to nest on, as well as dangerous water to drink, wash with, or swim in. In tropical and sub-tropical areas, disease ranks second in terms of public health importance to malaria among human parasites (Akpan, 2019).

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Poor sanitary conditions in secondary schools in local government areas have increased the risk to pupils’ health. Despite increased awareness of the dangers of inadequate sanitation in school environments, the problem has remained. Only a few studies have been conducted to determine the scope of the problem in schools. Thus, this research endeavors to address the threat of environmental contamination. Investment in environmental safety is a critical problem that requires quick attention in order to prevent illness transmission among schoolchildren. It is therefore reasonable and acceptable to guarantee that all sanitation facilities in schools are utilized in order to alleviate poor sanitary conditions in schools in Awka South local government area (Adeoye, 2011).

Thus, the study’s central question is: What are the variables that contribute to inadequate sanitation in schools? Is it true that inadequate cleanliness in schools contributes to infection among students? What are the hazards associated with inadequate sanitation in schools? The research examines the inadequate sanitary conditions in secondary schools in Odukpani LGA of Cross River State.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The broad objective of this study is to examine the causes, effects, and corrective measures for poor sanitary condition in certain secondary schools. Specifically, other objectives of the study are:

i.          To examine the extent of poor sanitation in secondary schools.

ii.        To determine whether poor sanitation leads to spread of infection among students in secondary school.

iii.      To examine the causes of poor sanitation in secondary schools.

iv.      To proffer solutions to the causes of poor sanitation in secondary schools.

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The following questions will be answered in this study:

i.          To what extent of poor sanitation in secondary schools?

ii.        Does poor sanitation leads to spread of infection among students in secondary school?

iii.      What are the causes of poor sanitation in secondary schools?

iv.      What are the solutions to the causes of poor sanitation in secondary schools?

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study will be of great benefit to the education sector as the findings of this study will reveal the causes and effects of poor sanitary conditions in our schools and how it affects academic performance thus enabling the policy makers to make effective policies that will curb this cancer in our schools.

This study will also be significant to students as the findings of this study will also reveal the importance of a hygienic environment in our schools. The study will also reveal the preventive measures thus showing the students methods and ways in which they can keep their environment clean.

Finally, This will serve as a repository for research materials or empirical data for scholars on the the causes, effects, and corrective measures for poor sanitary condition in certain secondary schools.

1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This study focuses on the causes, effects, and corrective measures for poor sanitary condition in certain secondary schools. Specifically, this study focuses on examining the extent of poor sanitation in secondary schools, determining whether poor sanitation leads to spread of infection among students in secondary school, examining the causes of poor sanitation in secondary schools and proffering solutions to the causes of poor sanitation in secondary schools.

Teachers and students of selected secondary schools in Odukpani, Cross River State will serve as enrolled participants for the survey of this study.

1.7 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

This study will be limited to the causes, effects, and corrective measures for poor sanitary condition in certain secondary schools. Specifically, this study is further limited to examining the extent of poor sanitation in secondary schools, determining whether poor sanitation leads to spread of infection among students in secondary school, examining the causes of poor sanitation in secondary schools and proffering solutions to the causes of poor sanitation in secondary schools.

Teachers and students of selected secondary schools in Odukpani, Cross River State will serve as enrolled participants for the survey of this study, thus the sample size was limited because only a few respondents were chosen to answer the research instrument, therefore the results cannot be generalized to other secondary schools outside the state.

1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Causes: A person or thing that gives rise to an action, phenomenon, or condition.

Effects: A change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause.

Sanitation: Sanitation refers to public health conditions related to clean drinking water and treatment and disposal of human excreta and sewage.