COMPLETE SCHOOL PROJECT TOPICS & MATERIALS :
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CHAPTER ONE
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
An investor is a person who puts money into financial schemes, shares, or property with the expectation of making a profit. An investor is someone who commits capital in order to gain financial returns or a person who commits money to investment products with the expectation of financial return. An investor is a person, company, or Organization who has money invested in a venture with a hope of returns especially one that holds stock in publicly owned corporation. Generally, the primary concern of an investor is to minimize risk while maximizing return. An investor can be a shareholder or a creditor. A person who buys shares or owns shares in a company becomes an investor in that company and a person, company or organization that lends money or supplies goods on credit to a company becomes a creditor of that company.
The company is a dominant feature in every facet of the Nigerian economy from banking to oil and gas, health to recreation, construction to agriculture just to mention a few. In every company there are investors. Gone are the days when sole proprietorship was the most preferable form of business wherein the capitalists invested and earned profits out of the business for themselves. Though sole proprietorships still exist, they are not the most common forms of business today. Taste of the consumers have changed, technology has advanced manifold and production at large scale. To meet these needs the company form of business came into existence to accommodate the shift from traditional goods to capital goods and technological products which require huge amount of labour and capital, supply which was not possible for a person or handful of persons to readily make available by the sole proprietorship .
The company is a means whereby the wealth of innumerable individuals has been concentrated into huge aggregates and whereby control over this wealth has been surrendered to a unified direction. The power attendant upon such concentration has brought forth princes of industry whose position in the community is yet to be defined . The surrender of control over their wealth by the investors has effectively broken the old property relationships and has raised the problem of defining these relationships anew. The direction of industry by persons other than those who have ventured their wealth has raised the question of the motive of such direction and the effective distribution of the returns from business enterprise.
The typical business unit of the 19th century owned by individuals or small groups; was managed by them or their appointees; and was, in the main, limited in size by the personal wealth of the individuals in control4. These units have been supplanted in ever greater measure by great aggregations in which tens and even hundreds of thousands of workers and property worth hundreds of millions of Naira, belonging to several individuals, are combined through the corporate mechanism into a single producing organization under unified control and management.
As the ownership of corporate wealth has become more widely dispersed, ownership of that wealth and control over it has come to lie less and less in the same hand. In theory, the company is owned and controlled by its shareholders. Directors and managers should therefore conduct its affairs in the sole interest of those shareholders. The profit motive should prevail, in the sense that decisions on the future of the company should ultimately be determined by the search of the possible long- term return on capital, even if that means the liquidation of a particular company and the reinvestment of the capital in it . The reality of course is very different, management has an obvious vested interest in the survival of the enterprise as a source of personal livelihood and may often regard the interest of shareholders as subordinate to those of the company itself as a continuing enterprise with duties to its customers, its suppliers, its employees and even to the public at large.
The cumulative effect of these patterns in corporate concentration, financing and shareholding is that as the size of company increases, so the degree of managerial independence grows. The process has been aptly described as the managerial revolution, as there is a good deal to it than the loss of direct shareholder control over large public companies.
Instead of seeking exclusively to increase the net return on capital invested, those in control of company decisions may also be concerned with the preservation of the company and its business and of their own control over it, with growth and „empire building‟ in order to increase the range and extent of their power and thus reduce the uncertainty of their operations.
There is also the temptation for managers to regard the company as essentially their own property and for them to look primarily to their own profit in conducting its affairs.
Managers are often in a position to fix their own salaries in term of the company‟s profitability, and to arrange for themselves highly attractive pensions and insurance schemes, or options for share-purchase. In the event of take over bids, managers are in a strong position to secure for themselves undeserved advantages as a condition for their cooperation with the bidding company. All such practices which go beyond the confines of reasonable inducement to efficiency are condemnable.
As a means of securing their independence of action, there is the tendency for managements to seek to finance their company‟s expansion otherwise than through the stock market. The most important method is by ploughing back the profits of the company and where it is not sufficient, management may often prefer to raise a large contractual loan by way of debenture from one major financial institutions rather than submit themselves to the public scrutiny of the stock market and the financial press by embarking on a public share issue11. The practical effect of this scenario is that shareholders have been
9 Hadden .T. (1984) Company Law and Capitalism Op cit p.76
10 Ibid.
reduced to mere lenders of capital and not owners of the enterprise. The problem now is how to protect the interest of the investors from dishonest managers or business men out to defraud unsuspecting investors and as a result, the government had to step in by provision of laws and establishment of regulatory bodies to guide and monitor the affairs of companies in the interest of investors. It is against this background that this work seeks to appraise the legal framework for Investors‟ protection Under Nigerian Law.
1.2 Statement of Research Problem
This Thesis proceeds on the assumption that there is the lack of will to implement and enforce the provisions of the laws provided for investors‟ protection by both the government and the regulatory bodies in Nigeria. And the laws provided for investors‟ protection in Nigeria has some lacunas which can be used to circumvent the essence of investors‟ protection.
1.3 Aims and Objectives of the Study
The aim is to examine some of the laws on investors‟ protection in Nigeria, to point out the inadequacies in them capable of discouraging genuine investors and to proffer some solutions in line with the existing realities.
1.4 Justification
This research is justified by the problems raised by the statement of the problems contained in section 1.3 of this work. The work is also justified by its relevance to law students, all stake holders and the general public.
1.5 Scope of the Study
The scope of this study is on shareholders as investors in public companies. It dwells on investors‟ protection under the Companies and Allied Matters Act, Investment and Securities Act, Nigerian Investment Promotion Commission Act and the Trustees Investment Act which are some of the major laws regulating corporate investments in Nigeria and the regulatory institutions created there under.
1.6 Research Methodology
This work is based on the doctrinal method of research conducted in libraries and the internet. The statement of the legal principles as well as their administration depends on this method of research, References are made to primary sources which are legislations and case laws and also to secondary sources which are books, journals articles, and other existing literature and where, necessary acknowledgements are made accordingly.
Originality lies in identifying the defects in the law and practice and suggestions.
1.7 Literature Review
Some good literature on the subject is available though they deal with only one aspect or the other of this topic and not particularly centered on this research topic.
Research had to be undertaken with recourse to various sources to bring about this work.
Berle and Means, writing on the topic “The Modern Corporation and Private Property”, focused on the property of the company and the control of the company. Although an invaluable literature, it does not cover adequately the subject of investors protection
Tom Hadden, in “The development of Capitalism”, focused on the Development of the company from the 15th century company to the modern company. The coverage of investors‟ protection is also very limited.