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AN APPRAISAL OF GLOBAL HEALTH INITIATIVE IN RESPONSE TO PREVENTION TO PANDEMIC DISEASE IN NORTH WEST NIGERIA
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
- Background of the study
The Global Health Initiative (GHI) aims to enhance the effectiveness and impact of U.S. foreign health programs by promoting greater collaboration and coordination among various agencies, countries, and international organizations. This initiative is timely and well-positioned to build on the objectives of the Government of Nigeria (GON) and the Nigerian private sector, leveraging past successes of U.S. health aid initiatives and the strong partnerships the U.S. has with other development partners (DPs) and donors (Zhong, 2020). The GHI aligns with the GON’s National Strategic Health Development Plan (NSHDP) for 2010 to 2015, which outlines updated strategic goals and initiatives for improving maternal, neonatal, and child health (MNCH), including routine immunizations, reproductive health (RH), family planning (FP), nutrition, malaria, HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis (TB), and other infectious diseases, as well as strengthening health systems (HSS) (Ilesanmi and Afolabi, 2020). The NSHDP provides a framework for coordinating and harmonizing GON’s policies, plans, programs, and partnerships. Despite notable improvements in essential healthcare services, the NSHDP expresses concern over the slow progress in achieving Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 4, 5, and 6 by 2015 (Wang, Zhou, and Liu, 2020).
Mustapha Adedokun and Abdullahi (2020) report that approximately 40% of pandemic diseases globally can be traced back to occupational exposure. Euro News and Ripples predict a global infection rate of 6% for the pandemic disease, with Nigeria anticipated to have a rate of 3% (Ilesanmi and Afolabi, 2020). The high number of asymptomatic cases may contribute to these figures. In South Korea, the prevalence of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) among healthcare workers (HCWs) was 13.44%, with a 5.78% mortality rate (Kim, 2017). The new coronavirus distinguishes itself with its novel nature, high transmissibility, and fatality rate, necessitating preventive measures such as hand hygiene, social distancing, and personal protective equipment (PPE) (Li, Xv, and Yang, 2020).
The Nigerian Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) has established safety protocols aligned with the World Health Organization (WHO) standards for pandemic illness (Li, Xv, and Yang, 2020). Current data indicates that pandemic diseases are primarily spread through droplets and direct contact rather than airborne transmission (Li, Xv, and Yang, 2020). This justifies the implementation of social distancing, environmental cleanliness, and infection prevention and control (IPC) measures. There is a pressing need for IPC equipment, such as face masks, protective gloves, gowns, face shields, and respirators, in healthcare facilities, in addition to the recommendations from health authorities (Ilesanmi and Afolabi, 2020; Li, Xv, and Yang, 2020).
Furthermore, the U.S. Government (USG) collaborates with Nigerian entities, as well as national and international development partners and donors, to improve health outcomes for vulnerable populations. The GHI’s objective in Nigeria is to build on existing partnerships to develop a more effective healthcare delivery system that meets the needs of the population. GHI works with various partners, including the Government of Nigeria (GON), non-governmental organizations (NGOs), civil society organizations (CSOs), commercial entities, and international organizations. By enhancing country ownership with support from GHI in terms of technical assistance, policy discussions, financial aid, and other support from development partners and donors, the initiative aims to improve health conditions for young girls during pregnancy, women of reproductive age, newborns, children under five, and families at high risk of malaria, HIV/AIDS, and TB. Consequently, the study aims to evaluate the impact of the Global Health Initiative on pandemic disease prevention in North West Nigeria.
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- Statement of the problem
Tackling global health efforts and averting pandemic illnesses in Nigeria, as well as in other places, presents a multitude of obstacles. Nigeria has obstacles pertaining to its healthcare infrastructure, including restricted availability of medical facilities, improperly equipped healthcare centres, and a scarcity of healthcare personnel (Ilesanmi and Afolabi, 2020). This impedes the capacity to properly address health emergencies. Additionally, there might be a dearth of information and comprehension among the general populace about the significance of preventative measures and immunisations. Public health education has a vital role in modifying behaviours and advocating for measures that might effectively hinder the transmission of illnesses (Ilesanmi and Afolabi, 2020).
Nigeria, like several other nations, may encounter obstacles associated with vaccination reluctance. Dissemination of false information, lack of confidence, and adherence to cultural beliefs may all lead to hesitancy in embracing vaccinations, a critical measure in curbing the transmission of pandemic illnesses. Hence, the need to look into appraisal of global health initiative in response to prevention to pandemic disease in North West Nigeria.
1.3 Objective of the study
The broad objective of the study is an appraisal of global health initiative in response to prevention to pandemic disease in North West Nigeria. The specific objectives is as follows
- Identify the various global health initiative towards the prevention of pandemic disease in North West Nigeria
- Assess the level of acceptance of the global health initiative in North West Nigeria.
- Examine the challenges in the implimentation of global health initiative in response to prevention to pandemic disease in North West Nigeria.
1.4 Research Questions
The following questions have been prepared to guide the study
- What are the various global health initiative towards the prevention of pandemic disease in North West Nigeria?
- What is the level of acceptance of the global health initiative in North West Nigeria?
- What are the challenges in the implimentation of global health initiative in response to prevention to pandemic disease in North West Nigeria?
1.5 Significance of the study
A Global Health Initiative (GHI) in Nigeria, or any country, plays a crucial role in responding to and preventing pandemic diseases. Hence, the study is significant in the following ways:
Disease Surveillance and Early Detection:
GHIs often involve strengthening healthcare systems for better disease surveillance and early detection. This enables authorities to identify potential outbreaks quickly and implement timely interventions to prevent the spread of infectious diseases.
Vaccination Programs:
GHIs often support vaccination programs, ensuring that communities are protected from preventable diseases. Vaccination not only helps in preventing the spread of diseases within a country but also contributes to global efforts to achieve herd immunity.
Emergency Response and Preparedness:
GHIs contribute to the development of emergency response plans and preparedness strategies. This includes stockpiling medical supplies, establishing emergency response teams, and conducting simulation exercises to ensure a swift and effective response in case of a pandemic.
Academia
The findings of the study will be significant to the academic community as it will contribute to the existing literature.
1.6 Scope of the study
The study focuses on appraisal of global health initiative in response to prevention to pandemic disease in North West Nigeria. Hence, the study will identify the various global health initiative towards the prevention of pandemic disease in North West Nigeria, assess the level of acceptance of the global health initiative in North West Nigeria and examine the challenges in the implimentation of global health initiative in response to prevention to pandemic disease in North West Nigeria. The study is delmited to North West Nigeria.
1.7 Limitation of the study
Like in every human endeavour, the researchers encountered slight constraints while carrying out the study. Insufficient funds tend to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature, or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire, and interview), which is why the researcher resorted to a moderate choice of sample size. More so, the researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other academic work. As a result, the amount of time spent on research will be reduced.