COMPLETE SCHOOL PROJECT TOPICS & MATERIALS :
CHAPTERS: Chapter 1-5
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CHAPTER ONE
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background to the Study
The Federal Republic of Nigeria is endowed with abundant mineral resources and hydrocarbons. There is no state of the federation that does not have one natural resource or the other. Here is a table of the mineral resources available in different states of the federation:
Abuja (FCT) -Marble, clay, tantalite
Abia – Gold, salt, limestone, lead / zinc, oil and gas
Adamawa – Kaolin, bentonite, gypsum, magnesite, barytes, bauxite
Akwa Ibom – clay, limestone, lead/zinc, uranium, salt, lignite, oil and gas
Anambra – Lead/zinc, clay, limestone, iron-ore, salt, glass sand, phosphate, gypsum
Bauchi – Amethyst, gypsum, lead/zinc, uranium
Bayelsa – Clay, limestone, oil and gas
Benue – Lead/zinc, limestone, iron-ore, coal clay, marble, bauxite, salt, barites, gemstone, gypsum
Borno – Diatomite, clay, limestone, gypsum, kaolin, bentonite
Cross River – Limestone, uranium, manganese, lignite,
lead/zinc, salt, oil and gas
Delta -Marble, glass sand, clay, gypsum, lignite, iron-ore, kaolin, oil and gas
Ebonyi – Lead/zinc, salt, gold
Edo – Marble, clay, limestone, iron-ore, gypsum, glass sand, gold, dolomite, phosphate, bitumen, oil and gas
Ekiti – Kaolin, feldspar, tatium, granite, syenites
Enugu – Coal, limestone, lead/zinc
Gombe – Gemstone, gypsum
Imo – Lead/zinc, limestone, lignite, phosphate, marcasite, gypsum, salt, oil and gas
Jigawa – Barites
Kaduna – Sapphire, kaolin, gold, clay, serpentinite, asbestos, amethyst, kyanite, graphite,
Kano -Pyrochlore, cassiterite, copper, glass sand, gemstone, lead/zinc, antalite silimanlie, mica, aquamarine, rubyrock, crystal, topaz, flouspar tourmaline, gemstone, tantalite
Kastina – Kaolin, marble, salt Kebbi Gold
Kogi – Iron-ore, kaolin, gypsum, feldspar, coal, marble, dolomite, talc, tantalite, limestone, gemstone, bitumen
Kwara -Gold, marble, iron-ore, cassiterite, columbite, tantalite, feldspar
Lagos – Glass sand, clay, bitumen, sand, tar, oil and gas
Nasarawa – Beryl ( emerald, acquamarine and hellodor), dolomite/marble, sapphire, tourmaline, quartz, amethyst ( garnet, topaz), zircon, tantalite, cassiterite columbite, ilmenite, galena, iron-ore, barites, feldspar, limestone, mica, cooking coal, talc, clay, salt, chalcopyrite
Niger – Gold, talc, lead/zinc, iron-ore
Ogun – Phosphate, clay, feldspar
Ondo – Bitumen, kaolin, gemstone, gypsum, feldspar, granite, clay, glass sand, dimension stones, coal, bauxite, oil and gas
Osun – Gold, talc, tantalite, tourmarine, columbite, granite
Rivers – Glass sand, clay, marble, oil and gas
Sokoto – Kaolin, gold, limestone, phosphate, gypsum, silica sand, clay, laterite, potash, flakes, granite, gold, salt
Taraba – Kaolin, lead/zinc
Yobe – Diatomite, soda, ash
Zamfara – Gold
But my main focus would be on petroleum (oil) and gas which is the mainstay of the economy. Nigeria’s oil and gas activities are largely carried out in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria, in an area covering about 70,000 square kilometers . The Niger Delta region comprises of Akwa Ibom, Bayelsa, Cross Rivers, Rivers, Delta, Edo and Ondo States. When God provided Nigeria with
mineral resources, his purpose was to lift up the country’s economic and social status and make the citizens enjoy respect and honour among the comity of nations. But like in the story of creation where God created man and put him in the Garden of Eden; the Garden of hope and comfort, man lost this great free gift due to greed and selfishness which led him to sin.
Nigeria entered the world map of oil producing countries when the first barrels of crude oil to be exported from Nigeria were drilled from the wells. Since then life has never been the same again, not only for the Niger Delta region, but for Nigeria as a whole. Huge revenues accrued from this black gold,Government embarked on development projects that would make life easier for Nigerians but not without neglecting our traditional sources of revenue, i.e. agriculture, mining and craft. The result is the disappearance of cocoa and palm plantations in the south as well the groundnut pyramids in the north.
Mineral Resources which comprise of oil and gas, a whole lot of which Nigeria is blessed with is one of the most important sources of energy in the world today. World energy statistics indicate that it presently accounts for about 53% of world energy supply . In Nigeria, the oil sector has continued to remain the mainstay of the national economy. Presently, it accounts for about 90% of Nigeria’s total export earnings and over 70% of Federal Government revenue3. Oil and gas are treated as two separate but overlapping mineral concepts. In actual fact the Nigerian law tends to deal with “Petroleum” as an embodiment of both “oil and gas”, and to try and legislate thus, the evidence of this may be seen in the definition of petroleum that may be found, upon curious enquiry of some of our statue books and in case laws which state that “petroleum can be defined as mineral oil or any related hydrocarbon or natural gas as it exists in its natural state. It also defines natural gas as gas obtained from boreholes and wells and consisting primarily of hydrocarbons” .So within the definitions of petroleum and gas, the law recognizes the overlap between the two mineral resources.
Furthermore, the origin of oil and gas industry is often traced to the discovery of rock oil in the 1850s and the first oil well striking petroleum in 1859 in Titusville, Pennsylvania, United States of America . From this humble beginning came the multi trillion dollar oil industry and the development of the framework for the commercial exploration and exploitation of the fuel that will power the great technology advances of the late 19th, 20th and 21st centuries.
However, in Nigeria, the first commercial discovery of oil was in June, 1956, by the then Shell
D’Archy Petroleum Development Company in Oloibiri, in present day Bayelsa State . Within our current regime which was established under the Petroleum Act 1969 .