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ABSTRACT

This paper examines the state and trends of Chinese fisheries over the five-year period based on FAO data, the China Fisheries Statistics Yearbooks, the China Statistical Yearbook and other sources. The most important observations are the following: during a period of five years, China’s water products accounted for more than 35% of world water production; Chinese aquaculture products account for more than 60% of world aquaculture production. In freshwater aquaculture, about 70% of domestic freshwater aquaculture was aquaculture in ponds and fishery products were proportionally higher than the others. In mariculture, demersal and rafting products accounted for more than 50% of total maritime aquaculture production, and shellfish production was proportionately higher than the others. The production of wild fish increased slowly during the same period. Freshwater catches from four provinces, including Jiangsu, accounted for half of the country’s freshwater catches, and catches of fish accounted for more than 70%. The production of marine catches from four provinces, including Zhejiang, accounted for about 80% of the country’s catches, and fish catches accounted for more than 70%. The production of processed aquatic products, especially frozen aquatic products, surimi products and dry-cured products, has generally increased and represents more than 80% of the processed fishery products. The average annual net income of fishermen per capita increased by 11.71%, exceeding GDP growth in the same period. The rapid development of Chinese fisheries also poses problems such as overcapacity, low quality aquaculture products, excessive use of resources and environmental problems. It is proposed to change the approach, transformation and structural adjustment to reform the development model of Chinese fisheries and achieve the objective of sustainable development.

 

 

INTRODUCTION

Fisheries, also known as “capture and aquaculture industries”, are a long-standing business in China. According to historical records, the fishery goes back to the early 11th century BC. And had already reached a considerable extent in the period of the Warring States (475 BC – 221 BC). The world’s oldest known work on fish culture: Fan Li’s experience in fish farming dates back to 460 BCE. Written over 2400 years ago. Following the founding of the new China, fisheries entered a new phase of development, especially after the adoption of the reform and opening policy in 1978, when fisheries policy was adapted to the country’s circumstances. Changes in fishery resources and aquaculture. The oriented approach was favored, which increased the enthusiasm and creativity of the fishermen. The analysis of (Yue and Wang, 2012) shows that China’s water production grew exponentially between 1949 and 2010. Since 1996, water production has increased by 10 million tons every six to seven years (Cheng, Jiang, and Zhao, 2016); analyzes the changing income structure of Chinese fishermen from 2008 to 2013 using a model of gray correlations that shows the incomes of male fighter households relative to general family income. China’s fishery has evolved from relatively low practice, uncomplicated, low productivity and individual practice to an industry with advanced equipment, optimized structure, better competitive advantage and high productivity.

The Five Year Plan has been an important foundational work since the founding of the People’s Republic of China. The twelfth five-year plan was the twelfth plan for the development of national economic and social development of the People’s Republic of China from 2011 to 2015. The twelfth five-year period was important for the modernization of China, and in this respect was complex in national and international perspective. The economic and political situation was complicated and changed with the risks and challenges for economic development. At present, China’s economy has entered a new normal state, where the economy is growing at a medium to high speed rather than a super high. The development model has moved from massive growth and pace to intense growth in quality and efficiency, improving medium- to low-medium to high-growth industrial structures, market needs with shared economic well-being among the population, rather than turning to one group (Zhang, 2015). As part of China’s economy and agriculture, fisheries are vulnerable to external environmental changes that can greatly affect the quality and efficiency of fisheries development. Therefore, the discussion and analysis of the state and development of Chinese fisheries in the twelfth-15th period is essential to understand their status and trends in global fisheries and to provide clear guidance for future development.

This study analyzes the evolution of China’s fisheries and state in the world through statistical analysis using FAO and China Fisheries Statistics Yearbooks data and attempts to determine the future development of Chinese fisheries in the context of the existing modern economy.

 

 

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In order to improve the comparability of data from different sources, data from fisheries in China and data from world fisheries from FAO’s statistical database are used for comparative purposes and industry data. China’s fishery has been adopted from recent years’ China Fisheries Statistics Yearbooks (Bureau of Fisheries Administration, 2016).

 

Data retrieval

FAO database

Data on fisheries and fishery products from the main countries and regions of the world of China are retrieved from the FAO database, classified and analyzed for fish species and crustaceans according to the statistical standards of the main groups of the yearbook; fish species and molluscs, etc.

 

Yearbook data

Data on fisheries production, such as For example, aquatic production and the production of processed aquatic products, etc. are taken from the Yearbooks of Chinese fisheries statistics, including fishery populations, professionals and aquaculture areas, fishing vessels, etc.

 

Statistical contents of yearbook data

Production factors and production outputs

Data on the production characteristics of fishery and production products from 1 January to 31 December of each year are collected by surveys of the Chinese Ministry of Agriculture together with respondents from companies, organizations and all fishing units the provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities (excluding SAR Hong Kong) , SAR Macau and Taiwan), except research institutes. The water products are weighed at the time of catching (gross weight), with the exception of three algae and algae fish, which are measured by dry weight, while the production of algae is contained in water products.

 

Statistical principle of fishermen’s income and fisheries output value

(1)        Fishermen’s income. The income data of the fishermen comes from the Ministry of Agriculture (MOA), using a multi-stage sampling system. 221 sample countries and 10,000 sample households come from 30 provinces, autonomous regions, regions and municipalities (excluding the Tibet Autonomous Region, SAR Hong Kong, SAR Macao and Taiwan). Family incomes and costs from the 1st of November of the year before 31st October of the consultation year are recorded, filled in online, aggregated and evaluated to obtain a general provincial average. The weight of the fishery population in each province and the weighted average as the per capita value of a given indicator. The formula is as follows:

y ¼ X yt Wt

 

Where, yt represents the per capita net income for fishermen in the province (autonomous region or municipality), Wt is the weighting factor of fishermen population’s in province t, y is the calculated net income per capita of national fishermen’s families.

The overall provincial average net income per capita is average net income divided by population. Calculation of net income is as follows:

Net income total income – household operational expenses – depreciation of fixed assets for production – taxes and fees.

According to sources of income, total income includes four items, namely household operational income, wage income, net property income and transfer income.

The income of the household refers to the income of a family unit for production and management; Wage income refers to the total income and well-being of a family of fishermen achieved in various ways. The net income of the property refers to the income of the fishermen of families or family members, which are derived from the investment of financial assets and natural resources in other organizations, families or individuals after deducting the associated costs. Transfer income refers to all types of transfer payments from states, institutions, social organizations and recurring income transfers between households. The operating expenses of households relate to the consumption of goods and services in family production. Taxes and levies refer to the tax paid in cash and in kind for production activities in a fishing family.

 

(2)        Value of fisheries output. Data of fisheries output value is calculated by the Chinese National Bureau of Statistics using the fishery production statistics from MOA and the method of Products Act according to Harvest Principle. It is calculated as follows:

Z ¼ X C_t P_t

Where: Ct is the production of the variety t, Pt as the sale price for the variety t, and Z the national fisheries output value.

 

Data analysis

For time reasons, the data analysis of the development of China’s fisheries over a period of five years is carried out with the indicator of average growth rates to understand the production factors and the results of fishery production. The average growth rate formula is as follows:

In order to facilitate the analysis of China’s aquatic production in proportion to the world’s total output, a conventional exponential statistical model is applied. The formula is as follows:

y = a × ln ðxÞþ b

Where y represents the proportion of China’s aquatic products relative to the world’s total production; a and b are parameters to be estimated, and x denotes the year.

Degree of intensification is an important indicator for the development of aquaculture, in which the proportion of intensive aquaculture production in proportion to the aquaculture production is an important indicator (Dong, 2015). Degree of intensification is calculated as follows:

Where It represents the degree of intensification of aquaculture in year t, gt refers to the production of cage aquaculture, fencing aquaculture and industrial aquaculture in year t. lt refers to the total aquaculture production in year t.

 

 

STRUCTURE OF CHINA’S FISHERIES PRODUCTION IN THE FIVE- YEAR PERIOD

Continuing increase in aquaculture production

In the five years, aquaculture production in China increased significantly, surpassing 40,000 million tons. It was 49,379 million tonnes in 2015, an increase of 11,091 million tonnes compared to the end of the eleventh five-year period and was 83.60% of the total. Aquatic production. During the twelfth five-year period, aquaculture production increased by 28.97%, with average annual growth of 5.22%, representing 73.70% of total production, an increase of 2.40% compared to 2010.

 

Structure analysis of freshwater aquaculture production

(1) The largest share of freshwater production (70%) came from the aquaculture of ponds. At the end of the twelfth five-year period, freshwater production of aquaculture in China amounted to 30,623 million tonnes. This represents an increase of 7,157 million tonnes compared to 2010, the end of the eleven-year period, and accounted for 64.54% of the total increase in aquaculture. Production The aquaculture production of reservoirs was more than 12% and the aquaculture of lakes 6% (Table 3).

(2) Fish production represented the highest proportion of freshwater aquaculture and can be divided into five species: fish, crustaceans, shellfish, algae and others (Table 4). In 2010, fish-fish aquaculture had an annual production of 20,642 million tonnes (87.97% of total freshwater production), rising to 27,150 million tonnes in 2015. Crustaceans were the second aquaculture agency to produce sweet more and rose from 2,138 million tonnes in 2010 to 2,691 million tonnes. In 2015, however, the pro rata contribution was reduced from 9.11% to 8.79% (Table 4).

 

Table 1: Aquatic production in world’s major fishery countries and regions. Unit: 10⁴t.

Country/region	1980	1990	2000	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014
China	445.54	1313.68	3617.07	5214.90	5438.99	5727.57	5982.47	6257.55
India	244.53	379.97	560.90	847.51	798.42	908.16	919.59	959.98
Indonesia	182.73	302.24	490.36	767.83	836.64	878.66	1001.16	1069.06
Vietnam	55.87	93.92	212.81	508.50	535.99	579.02	601.03	631.63
US	370.75	587.12	517.45	488.42	551.07	551.18	556.33	540.18
Japan	1045.17	1036.89	583.55	478.52	433.33	428.40	426.45	431.80
Peru	270.96	687.41	1066.39	439.06	834.14	492.14	598.00	368.86
Russia	0.00	760.41	404.77	419.03	438.37	447.63	450.33	438.68
Myanmar	58.00	74.38	119.21	391.39	414.98	446.44	471.60	504.54
Norway	240.90	175.35	319.07	369.97	342.62	347.14	332.72	363.41
Total output	7193.83	9774.09	12594.69	14810.28	15549.18	15777.66	16292.99	16722.90
Proportion (%)	40.51	55.36	62.66	67.02	68.33	68.49	69.60	69.16

Notes: excluding output of aquatic plants.

Data source: www.fao.org/fishery/collection/global-production/en.

 

 

 

Table 2: Aquaculture production in the world’s major fishery countries or regions in 2014. Unit: 10⁴t.

Country/region	Fish	Molluscs	Crustaceans	Others	Total	Percentage (%)
China	2721.94	1341.87	399.35	83.95	4547.11	61.63
India	448.11	1.42	38.57		488.10	6.62
Indonesia	363.99	4.44	61.39	0.01	429.83	5.83
Vietnam	268.70	19.89	50.62	0.49	339.70	4.60
Bangladesh	182.68		13.02		195.70	2.65
Norway	133.05	0.20			133.25	1.81
Chile	96.81	24.64			121.45	1.65
Egypt	112.99		0.72		113.71	1.54
Myanmar	90.37		4.28	1.56	96.21	1.30
Thailand	42.06	20.96	30.04	0.41	93.47	1.27
Global	4986.19	1497.87	804.96	89.36	7378.37

Notes: excluding output of aquatic plants.

Data source: www.fao.org/fishery/collection/global-production/en.

 

 

 

 

 

Table 3: Production of freshwater aquaculture by water types and methods. Unit: 10⁴t.

Year	2015	2014	2013	2012	2011	2010
Freshwater aquaculture output	3062.27	2935.76	2802.43	2644.54	2471.93	2346.53
Where: pond	2195.69	2090.26	1988.75	1866.42	1743.50	1647.72
Output proportion (%)	71.70	71.20	70.97	70.58	70.53	70.22
Area (104hm2)	270.12	266.19	262.32	256.69	244.99	237.70
Unit output (t/hm2)	8.13	7.85	7.58	7.27	7.12	6.93
Lake	164.78	164.63	163.43	161.50	154.15	153.66
Output proportion (%)	5.38	5.61	5.83	6.11	6.24	6.55
Area (104hm2)	102.24	101.53	102.27	102.48	102.30	100.71
Unit output (t/hm2)	1.61	1.62	1.60	1.58	1.51	1.53
Reservoir	388.40	377.09	353.66	333.77	309.30	284.44
Output proportion (%)	12.68	12.84	12.62	12.62	12.51	12.12
Area (104hm2)	201.24	199.48	195.80	191.15	185.19	179.56
Unit output (t/hm2)	1.93	1.89	1.81	1.75	1.67	1.58
Rivers and ditches	88.87	86.42	85.63	84.31	80.23	74.27
Others	68.71	71.68	65.93	65.40	64.76	62.17
Rice puddles	155.82	145.67	145.05	133.14	119.99	124.27
Method: fence	48.17	48.74	49.53	49.58	45.96	52.30
Cage	137.91	139.17	138.83	127.32	110.82	113.09
Industrial	20.34	19.74	20.81	20.39	16.44	16.72
Intensification degree (%)	6.74	7.07	7.46	7.46	7.01	7.76

Data Source: Fisheries Administrative Bureau, Ministry of Agriculture. China Fishery Statistics Yearbook (2011e2016) [M]. Beijing: China Agriculture Press, 2011e2016.