COMPLETE SCHOOL PROJECT TOPICS & MATERIALS :
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
Solid and health waste threatens the public health due to its contagious nature. Dehghani et al. (2018) noted that Solid and health waste (SHW) if not appropriately managed can be a serious threat to human health due to their infectious attributes. Nigeria, one of developing countries, has health issues that are competing for limited resources; it is not amazing that solid and health waste management receives less attention and precedence than it merits (Abd El-Salam, 2020). Therefore, there is a serious challenge in developing countries, where there are no Institutional provisions for solid and health waste management. Clinical wastes are disposed openly in the dumpsite along with municipal waste and the practice make the members of the community gain access to it which may lead to outbreak of infectious diseases (Alagoz and Kocasoy 2018). Cheng et al. (2019) noted that as small as solid and health waste is in proportion to the total community waste, its management is considered an important issue worldwide. World Health Organization (2020) reported that 15% of total waste generated in the healthcare facility is hazardous and must be properly segregated at the point of generation to prevent the whole solid and health waste becoming 100% hazardous. The World Health Organization estimates that each year there are about 8 to 16 million new cases of Hepatitis B virus (HBV), 2.3 to 4.7 million cases of Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and 80,000 to 160,000 cases of human immune deficiency virus (HIV) due to unsafe injections disposal and mostly due to very poor waste management systems.
Across the globe, the risk associated with Solid and health waste (SHW) and its management has gained tremendous attention from health practitioners and non practitioners. If healthcare facilities know the types and quantities of clinical waste generated, it will help them in planning, budgeting adequate revenue for the management of hazardous waste (Bongayi, 2019). A study conducted by Olubukola (2019) in two General hospitals at Lagos reported that due to lack of quantification of solid and health waste, there was no waste reduction plan in the hospitals.
This lack of plan for solid and health waste management eventually leads to inadequate waste segregation at point of use, collection, storage and final disposal (Amosu et al. 2016) This poor solid and health waste management practice creates health hazards for health workers, patients and the environment. Identified gaps like lack of colour code bags for segregation of solid and health waste at point of use, lack of guidelines on segregation and disposal for health workers lead to poor solid and health waste management in hospitals. The mismanagement of solid and health waste by healthcare facilities does not pose health hazard to health workers and patients alone but also to patients’ visitors and the area where they are improperly disposed by contaminating the soil, air and water. Healthcare facilities are supposed to protect the health of people in their environment, not to be a creator of potential health hazard for them.
Furthermore, increase in patient turned-out has increase the generation of solid and health waste. Brink et al. (2016) also reported that increase in population results to increase in healthcare facilities that lead to increased solid and health waste generation. It is expected that because of this increase, more attention should be paid to and priority given to proper solid and health waste management in Abeokuta South Local Government (ASLG). Management of solid and health waste continues to present an array of challenges especially as economic situation of the country deepen daily therefore, solid and health waste management has become a concern.
So many studies have been conducted on solid and health waste management but little or no work has been done concerning segregation of clinical waste which is a vital aspect in solid and health waste management (Coker et al., 2019). Segregation of waste is crucial in solid and health waste management because it is the first step in clinical waste management. Segregation of solid and health waste helps in reduction of the quantity of waste that is hazardous. Once solid and health waste are segregated, collection will be easy, proper storage will be done and disposal of infectious waste carried out in the way that it will not pose any harm to health workers, patients and the environment (WHO, 2020). Proper management of solid and health waste depends on good organization, sufficient funding and active participation of trained personnel. It was observed that healthcare facilities were not spending resources on clinical waste management Healthcare facility must allocate resources for colour coded bags and training of generator of solid and health waste for proper segregation and disposal for its sustainability (Ndidi et al., 2019).
The management of solid waste continues to be a major challenge in urban areas throughout the world particularly in urban areas especially in the rapidly growing cities of the developing world (Foo, 1997). A high rate of population growth and increasing per capita income have resulted in the generation of an enormous volume of solid waste, which poses a serious threat to environmental quality and human health (Snigdha, 2003). Access to sanitation services and clean adequate water are therefore regarded as crucial to the health and wellbeing of people. As more cities become industrialized, the congenital problem of waste management comes along with it. This study seeks to fill the gap by looking at how waste is being transported, disposed, attitudes towards waste disposal and what the management of Lead City University need to do to work together with the health sectors in order to improve the environmental and health status of students in the University.
1.2 Statement of the problem
Indiscriminate dumping of untreated hospital waste in Municipal bins increases the chances of survival and mutation of pathogenic microorganism population in the municipal waste, which can lead to disease epidemics and increased incidence of communicable disease in the area (Williams, 2017). The prevalence of infectious disease like Hepatitis B, C, Measles, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, Tuberculosis, Chickenpox, Cholera and others has also been traced to the inappropriate segregation and disposal of hospital waste (Hossain et al., 2021). In Ogun State, the researcher observed that the healthcare facilities neglected solid and health waste management in the area of segregation and disposal. Materials required for segregation and disposal of these hospital wastes are not provided by the constituted authority, thus these pose a serious threat to the health workers, patients, environments and the area at large (Yong et al., 2019). There have been recent cases of hospital acquired infectious diseases among health workers which has been traced to contamination from solid and health waste, leading to untimely death of some of these health workers (Rappe and Nyregen, 2019). This study will analyze the waste management practices in Lead City University, Ibadan and propose measures which need to be put in place by the school management so as to find better and environmental friendly ways of waste management.
1.3 Objectives of the study
The main objective of the study is to carry out a systematic review of waste management in Lead City University, Ibadan. Specifically, the study sought to carry out;
- Comprehensive characteristics and quantification of waste generated in lead city university, Ibadan.
- Assessment of health & environmental hazard of solid and health care waste in lead city University.
1.4 Research questions
- What are the comprehensive characteristics and quantification of waste generated in Lead City University, Ibadan?
- What is the assessment of health & environmental hazard of solid and health care waste in Lead City University?
1.5 Significance of the study
Students spend most of their time at schools than at homes; therefore, schools must meet the required standards of hygiene and sanitation to avoid any inconveniences and crises related to inadequate waste management attitude and practices. Many studies have indicated that most schools face challenges regarding waste collection and disposal facilities. The poor solid waste management problem has become one of the major concerns for Lead City University. It is an important element to consider in safeguarding public health and ensuring environmental protection: i.e. protection against short-term direct and indirect health risks due to poor waste collection and disposal in the study area.
This study seeks to assess the better ways to improve solid waste management through improved solid waste storage, collection and transport processes prior to disposal. The results of this study will add valuable information to be availed to the general public about solid waste collection and transport processes essential elements in solid waste management. Since better solid waste management improves the health of all citizens, sustainability of the environment, beauty of the environment and attract more students to Lead City University.
1.6 Scope of the study
This study focused on the main objective, which was the systematic review of waste management in Lead City University, Ibadan.