COMPLETE SCHOOL PROJECT TOPICS & MATERIALS :
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Abstract
The study evaluates the need for effective waste management policies in Nigeria. The study has the following objectives: to examine the consequences of poor solid waste management in Nigeria and to identify the strategies that has been adopted in solid waste management in Nigeria.
It also explained the mode of data collection and analysis; data for this study was collected from the respondents through the use of questionnaires. Questionnaires were shared to all 32 respondents of the organization, and field surveys through responses to questions in the questionnaire served as the main source of primary data for this study. The researcher discarded other alternatives such as the causal and explanatory research designs, because accurate findings and data analysis may not be achieved. Other information was collected from text books, journals and other secondary sources of data. Base on fining the study has the sample size of thirty-two (32).
Findings from the study revealed that wastes are not properly managed in Akwa Ibom state, poor solid waste management leads to flooding, poor solid waste management does not make the environment unhealthy, strategies have been put in place for proper solid waste management in Akwa Ibom state and solid waste management has not been effective in Nigeria.
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
1.7 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
2.1.1 POPULATION, RESOURCE, POLLUTION (P.R.P) MODEL:
2.1.2 CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
2.2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.2.2 SOURCES OF WASTE
2.2.3 WASTE MANAGEMENT METHODS
2.2.4 PROBLEMS OF WASTE DISPOSAL
2.2.5 PROSPECT OF OUR ENVIRONMENT
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.0INTRODUCTION 3.1 STUDY AREA
3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN
3.3 POPULATION OF THE STUDY
3.4 POPULATION SIZE AND TECHNIQUE
3.5 DATA COLLECTION METHOD
3.6 DATA ANALYSIS
3.7 LIMITATION
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
4.1: GENDER DISTRIBUTION
4.2: OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 SUMMARY OF FINDING
5.2 CONCLUSION
5.3 RECOMMENDATION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX
QUESTIONNAIRE
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
Solid wastes comprise all the wastes arising from human and animal activities that are normally solid, discarded as useless or unwanted. Also included are by- products of process lines or materials that may be required by law to be disposed of (Okecha 2000). Solid waste can be classified in a number of ways, on the basis of sources, environmental risks, utility and physical property. On the basis of source, solid wastes are again classified as: Municipal Solid Wastes, Industrial Solid Wastes and Agricultural Solid Wastes. Nigeria’s major urban centres are today fighting to clear mounting heaps of solid waste from their environments. These strategic centres of beauty, peace and security are being overtaken by the messy nature of over flowing dumps unattended heaps of solid wastes emanating from household or domestic or kitchen sources, markets, shopping and business centres. City officials appear unable to combat unlawful and haphazard dumping of hazardous commercial and industrial wastes which are a clear violation of the clean Air and Health Edicts in our environmental sanitation laws, rules and regulation.
Refuse generation and its likely effects on the health, quality of environment and the urban landscape have become burning national issues in Nigeria today. All stakeholders concern with the safety and the beautification of our environment have come to realize the negative consequences of uncleared solid human wastes
found in residential neighborhoods, markets, schools, and central business districts in our cities. These solid wastes have become recurring features in our urban environment. It is no longer in doubt that Nigerian cities are inundated with the challenges of uncleared solid wastes. As aresult, urban residents are often confronted with the hazardous impact to their collective health and safety.
A United Nations Report (August 2004)noted with regret that while developing countries are improving access to clean drinking water they are falling behind on sanitation goals. At one of its summit in 2000 (Uwaegbelun 2004) revealed that The World Health Organization-(WHO 2004) and United Nations International Children Education Fund- (UNICEF 2004) joint report in August 2004 that: “about 2.4 billion people will likely face the risk of needless disease and death by the target of 2016 because of bad sanitation”. The report also noted that bad sanitation – decaying or non-existent sewage system and toilets- fuels the spread of diseases like cholera and basic illness like diarrhea, which kills a child every 21 seconds.
The hardest hit by bad sanitation is rural poor and residents of slum areas in fast-growing cities, mostly in Africa and Asia. In 1992, the “Earth Summit” succeeded in alerting the conscience of the world to the urgency of achieving environmentally sustainable development. The Summit asserted that if we know enough to act today, then we must also find answers to many tough conceptual and technical questions that have remained unsolved over time. It affirms that rapid urbanization in developing world if ignored can be a threat to health, the environment and urban productivity.
Cities are the engines of economic growth, but the environmental implications of such growth need to be assessed and managed better. Thecritical and most immediate problems facing developing countries and their cities are the health impact of urban pollution that are derived from inadequate water services, poor urban and industrial waste management, as well as air pollution, especially from particulates which constitutes part of solid waste.
Among the pressing environmental and public health issues in Nigeria today is the problem of solid waste generation and disposal. The problem of solid waste management is a historical one because man’s existence is inextricably linked to the generation of waste. The problem is becoming intractable as many cities in developing countries cannot keep pace with urbanization, pollution, and the increasingly concomitant generation of garbage due to changing life styles and consumption patterns.
The mountainous heaps of solid wastes that deface Nigerian cities and the continuous discharge of industrial contaminants into streams and rivers without treatment motivated the federal government of Nigeria to promulgate Decree58 for the establishment of Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) on 30 December1988 (Federal Military Government 1988).
A national policy on the environment was formed and the goals of the policy include: to secure for all Nigerians a quality of environment adequate for their health and well being; to raise public awareness and promote understanding of the essential linkages between the environment and development; and to encourage individual and community participation in environmental protection and improvement efforts (FEPA 1989). As regards the solid waste sector, the specific actions desired include collection and disposal of solid waste in an environmentally safe manner; setting up and enforcement of laws, regulations, and standards; encouragement of public participation; environment monitoring and imposition of penalties on defaulters to encourage compliance(FEPA 1989; FRN 1991).
In spite of the formulation of FEPA and a national environmental policy, the environmenthas not been adequately protected. Interest ismainly on aesthetics, which is rarely achieved(Agunwanba 1998). Wastes collection is irregularand restricted to the major cities. Improperlysited open dumps deface several cities, thereby endangering public health by encouraging the spread of odors and diseases, uncontrolled recycling of contaminated goods and pollution of water sources (Adegoke 1989, Singh1998).
Sadly, there seems a resignation to the unremitting solid wastes build up by the relevant authorities, where such bodies exist at all. However, in reactions to the inescapable environmental impact of delay in solid wastes removal, the federal government for example, introduced the monthly environmental sanitation in the early seventies. There from the States and Local Governments were expected to take a cue and evolve their own solid wastes management (SWM) strategies based on the peculiarities of their environment.