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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY

Globalization is just to see the world with one eye and the apartheid of the privileged. It is the supreme myth of all that people invested their hopes and dreams in the expectation that the world would come together that was never been (Hirst and Thompson, 1996). Probably this is the view of the skeptic.
However, the globalizers like Giddens (1990) and Castells (1996) considered globalization as a central driving force behind the rapid social, political factors that are reshaping modern societies and world order. Although media and globalization are not always connected mutually, however, both are related.Marshall McLuhan made a connection by combining the medium is the message’ with his global village’. Globalization has spread all over the world through media and communication which is
referred to as mediated globalization’ by Rantanen (2005:8). In order to connect media and communication together, Tomlinson defines globalization in the following way:―Globalization refers to the rapidly developing process of complex interactions between societies,cultures, institutions and individuals world-wide. It is a social process which involves a compression of time and space, shrinking distances through a dramatic reduction in the time taken-either physically or representational- to cross them, so making the world seem smaller and in a certain sense bringing
human being closer’ to one another Globalization or (Globalization) refers to the increasingly global relationships of culture, people and economic activity. Most often, it refers to economics: the global distribution of the production of goods
and services, through reduction of barriers to international trade such as tariffs, export fees, and import quotas. Globalization accompanied and allegedly contributed to economic growth in developed and developing countries through increased specialization and the principle of comparative advantage. The
term can also refer to the transnational circulation of ideas, languages, and popular culture.Opponents of globalization alleged that globalization’s benefits have been overstated and its costs underestimated. Among other points, they argued that it decreased inter-cultural contact while increasing the possibility of international and intra-national conflict.

1.2 DEFINITION
Anthony Mcgrew
Confirming that globalization is a multidimensional phenomena, pays due attention to the issue of communication, defining globalization as the increasing mutual communication. He introduces the following items as the components of his definition:
1 – Under the conditions of globalization, social, political and economic activities Influence and are influenced by the trans-national events.
2 – Globalization intensifies mutual interactions, creating a new global system.
3 – The growth of intensity and extent of communications leads to the elimination of the distance between domestic and international issues. In fact communications become so deep that the people on the side of their local lives feel a global aspect of their lives as well.
4 – Growing communications create some issues at transnational level which can be settled and handled only through global cooperation (proliferation of weapons and the problem of drug trafficking are among such issues).Globalization has also been defined from other aspects. Many thinkers have defined globalization only
from economic point of view. For instance, on the basis of a definition, globalization means economy,development and
domination of an economic production system on the societies of the world. Although this system does not rely on a single country, or a single source of economic-political power, it is mainly under the influence of the most powerful and effective economic-political units in the world.On the basis of another definition, globalization in simple language means unity of market, labor and production market, money and capital.Cultural globalization has been defined as a process that facilitates the transformation of cultural features to a part of the global cultural order and consequently the local cultures will be either eliminated or renovated.Majidi says many thinkers maintain that globalization in its cultural aspect is unification of various cultures and formation of a single global culture.This definition has drawn lots of criticisms and many consider the formation of such a culture neither possible nor likely.

1.3 HISTORY OF GLOBALIZATION
The historical origins of globalization remain subject to debate. Though in common usage it refers to the period beginning in the 1970s, some scholars regard it as having an ancient history that
encompasses all international activity.

Archaid Period
Perhaps the most extreme proponent of a deep historical origin for globalization was Andre Gunder Frank, an economist associated with dependency theory. Frank argued that a form of globalization began with the rise of trade links between Sumer and the Indus Valley Civilization in the third millennium B.C.
This archaic globalization existed during the Hellenistic Age, when commercialized urban centers enveloped the axis of Greek culture that reached from India to Spain, including Alexandria and the other Alexandrine cities. Others pointed to the trade links between the Roman Empire, the Parthian Empire,and the Han Dynasty. The increasing commercial links between the powers took form in the Silk Road, which started in western China, reached the boundaries of the Parthian empire, and continued to Rome. As many as three hundred Greek ships sailed each year between the Greco-Roman world and India. Annual trade volume may have reached 300,000 tons.

Islamic and Mongol eras
The Islamic Golden Age showed another stage of globalization, when Jewish and Muslim traders and explorers established trade routes, resulting in a globalization of agriculture, trade, knowledge and technology. Crops such as sugar and cotton became widely cultivated across the Muslim world in this
period, while widespread knowledge of Arabic and the Hajj created a cosmopolitan culture.Portuguese carrack in Nagasaki, 17th century Japanese Nanban art Native New World crops exchanged globally: Maize, tomato, potato, vanilla, rubber, cacao, and tobacco.The advent of the Mongol Empire, though destabilizing to the commercial centers of the Middle East
and China, greatly facilitated travel along the Silk Road. The Pax Mongolica of the thirteenth century included the first international postal service, as well as the rapid transmission of epidemic diseases such as bubonic plague across Central Asia. Up to the sixteenth century; however, the largest systems of
international exchange were limited to Eurasia.