BACTERIA RESPONSIBLE FOR UPPER URINARY TRACT INFECTION IN 5 CHILDREN ATTENDING GOVERNMENT SECONDARY SCHOOL MAKARFI

 CHAPTER ONE

 INTRODUCTION

1.1. Introduction

In biology/ecology, parasitism is a non-mutual symbiotic relationship between species, where one species, the parasite, benefits at the expense of the other, the host. Traditionally parasite (in biological usage) referred primarily to organisms visible to the naked eye, or macro-parasites (such as helminths). Parasites can be micro-parasites, which are typically smaller, such as protozoa, (Bartel et al., 2011) viruses, and bacteria (Claude, 2005). Examples of parasites include the plants mistletoe and cuscuta, and animals such as hookworms. Parasites inhabit living organisms and therefore face problems that free-living organisms do not. Hosts, the only habitats in which parasites can survive, actively try to avoid, repel, and destroy parasites (Claude, 2005). Unlike predators, parasites typically do not kill their host, are generally much smaller than their host, and will often live in or on their host for an extended period (Bartel et al., 2011).

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) constitute serious health problem affecting millions of people each year and rank high among the common hospital acquired infections. It indudes diseases that affect kidneys, (pyelonephritis), urethra (urethritis) and urinary bladder (cystitis) (Obeagu et al., 2015). The “Urinary tract” consists of the various organs of the body that reduce, store and excrete urine. The kidneys remove excess and wastes from the blood in the form of urine; narrow tubes Ureters carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. Urine is in the bladder and emptied through the urethra. Normal urine sterile, it contains fluids, salts and waste products, but it is free from bacteria, viruses and fungi (National Institute of Health (NIH), 2003). The urinary tract is comprised of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection caused by pathogenic organisms (for example, bacteria, fungi, or parasites) in any of the structures that comprise the urinary tract. However, this is the broad definition of urinary tract infections; many authors prefer to use more specific terms that localize the urinary tract infection to the major structural segment involved such as urethritis (urethral infection), cystitis (bladder infection), ureter infection, and pyelonephritis (kidney infection). Other structures that eventually connect to or share close anatomic proximity to the urinary tract (for example, prostate, epididymis, and vagina) are sometimes included in the discussion of UTIs because they may either cause or be caused by UTIs (Komala and Kumar, 2013).

1.2 Statement of problem

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common conditions requiring medical treatment with 6-10% of all young females demonstrating bacteriuria (Raz, 2001). UTIs occur as a result of interactions between the uropathogen and host and their pathogenesis involves several processes. Initially the uropathogen attaches to the epithelial surface; it subsequently colonises and disseminates throughout the mucosa causing tissue damage. After the initial colonisation period, pathogens can ascend into the urinary bladder resulting in symptomatic or asymptomatic bacteriuria. Further progression may lead to pyelonephritis and renal impairment.

 

 

 

 

1.3. Objectives

1.3.1. Main objective

1. To assess the level of urinary tract infection among children under 5 years old attending government secondary school drug at makarfi.

1.3.2. Specific objectives

1. To isolate bacterial pathogen responsible for urinary tract infections (UTI) in children under 5 whom attending government secondary school therapy.
2. To evaluate antibiotics used to treat such infection.
3. To detect and evaluate the incidence of infection in male and female and among children.

 

• Significance of the study

It is now widely acknowledged that access to appropriate and effective treatment for urinary tract should be provided within 24 hours of onset of symptoms. A strategy to provide such access should take into account poor rural populations in urinary tract-endemic countries who are particularly inadequately served by the health system.

Evidence from Nigeria shows that most episodes of fever are initially self-treated and over 70% of cases rely exclusively on it. However of this proportion only 15% of the actions taken were adjudged as appropriate. This pattern has been consistent across the Country as documented in several other reports.8 A study of health seeking behavior for childhood illnesses in 3 rural Nigerian communities showed that the most common form of first line treatment was drugs from a patent medicine vendor (49.6%), while only 3.6% did nothing. In a study conducted at Igbo Etiti and Ibarapa North in Nigeria on 105 preschool children, Brieger et al found that 74% of parents took treatment action under 8 hours of onset of illness, while nearly 96% acted within 24 hours. Unfortunately only 14.3% of these actions were judged to have been appropriate. Studies in rural areas have shown the feasibility of home management and its positive impact on the burden of urinary tract.

1.5 Limitation of the study

The limitation faced by the researcher include how to get the data necessary for the study and also the availability of literature, considering the recent and limited studies  in this are